How are topics born? Understanding the research dynamics preceding the emergence of new areas

The ability to promptly recognise new research trends is strategic for many stake- holders, including universities, institutional funding bodies, academic publishers and companies. While the literature describes several approaches which aim to identify the emergence of new research topics early in their lifecycle, these rely on the assumption that the topic in question is already associated with a number of publications and consistently referred to by a community of researchers. Hence, detecting the emergence of a new research area at an embryonic stage, i.e., before the topic has been consistently labelled by a community of researchers and associated with a number of publications, is still an open challenge. In this paper, we begin to address this challenge by performing a study of the dynamics preceding the creation of new topics. This study indicates that the emergence of a new topic is anticipated by a significant increase in the pace of collaboration between relevant research areas, which can be seen as the ‘parents’ of the new topic. These initial findings (i) confirm our hypothesis that it is possible in principle to detect the emergence of a new topic at the embryonic stage, (ii) provide new empirical evidence supporting relevant theories in Philosophy of Science, and also (iii) suggest that new topics tend to emerge in an environment in which weakly interconnected research areas begin to cross-fertilise

2100 AI: Reflections on the mechanisation of scientific discovery

The pace of research is nowadays extremely intensive, with datasets and publications being published at an unprecedented rate. In this context data science, artificial intelligence, machine learning and big data analytics are providing researchers with new automatic techniques which not only help them to manage this flow of information but are also able to identify automatically interesting patterns and insights in this vast sea of information. However, the emergence of mechanised scientific discovery is likely to dramatically change the way we do science, thus introducing and amplifying serious societal implications on the role of researchers themselves, which need to be analysed thoroughly

Unilateral spatial neglect after stroke: Current insights

INTRODUCTION: Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is a disorder of contralesional space awareness which often follows unilateral brain lesion. Since USN impairs awareness of contralesional space/body and often of concomitant motor disorders, its presence represents a negative prognostic factor of functional recovery. Thus, the disorder needs to be carefully diagnosed and treated. Here, we attempted to present a clear and concise picture of current insights in the comprehension and rehabilitation of USN. METHODS: We first provided an updated overview of USN clinical and neuroanatomical features and then highlighted recent progresses in the diagnosis and rehabilitation of the disease. In relation to USN rehabilitation, we conducted a MEDLINE literature research on three of the most promising interventions for USN rehabilitation: prismatic adaptation (PA), non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), and virtual reality (VR). The identified studies were classified according to the strength of their methods. RESULTS: The last years have witnessed a relative decrement of interest in the study of neuropsychological disorders of spatial awareness in USN, but a relative increase in the study of potential interventions for its rehabilitation. Although optimal protocols still need to be defined, high-quality studies have demonstrated the efficacy of PA, TMS and tDCS interventions for the treatment of USN. In addition, preliminary investigations are suggesting the potentials of GVS and VR approaches for USN rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: Advancing neuropsychological and neuroscience tools to investigate USN pathophysiology is a necessary step to identify effective rehabilitation treatments and to foster our understanding of neurofunctional bases of spatial cognition in the healthy brain

GRANULAR FLOW SIMULATIONS OF LIMITING REGIMES OF PARTICLES–WALL INTERACTION RELEVANT TO SLAGGING COAL GASIFIERS

In pilot entrained-flow slagging coal gasifiers, high conversion efficiency and low pollutant emission levels have been observed, but the mechanism leading to this behaviour is not fully understood. Recent literature proposes several different mechanisms as playing an important role, ranging from the sticking properties of both particles and slag-covered walls to the thermal and chemical history along the trajectory of the particles in the entire gasifier. Nonetheless, very few attention has been devoted to the role of particle–particle interactions, even if it has been shown that this mechanism can lead to new regimes likely to occur in slagging gasifiers and to promote the rise in the coal conversion efficiency. This study presents the results of a simplified configuration that allows to highlight the role of the four different interactions that can be envisaged when considering particles and confining walls as either sticky or non sticky. Particles are subjected to a body force that mimics the action of the drag exerted by a swirling flow field in a cylindrical vessel. Particle–particle collisions are modelled with an Hertzian approach that includes torque and cohesion effects. Results clearly indicate the different structure of the layer of particles establishing on the wall surface in the different interaction regimes. They confirm the importance to adequately take into account particle–particle interactions for a correct prevision of the fate of coal particles in slagging gasifiers

A CFD-VOF based model to address intensive photobioreactor design

The design and optimization of photobioreactors for intensive microalgal cultures are key issues to increase process performance. A model to assess the photosynthetic performance of tubular, bubble column and flat photobioreactors is presented. The model has coupled microalgal light distribution, photosynthesis kinetics and gas-liquid hydrodynamics. A lumped kinetic parameter model of photosynthetic unit (PSU) has been adopted for photosynthetic reactions. The dynamics of a microalgal cell has been described according to the gas-liquid flow of a bubble column. The flow field induced by liquid turbulence and bubbles uprising throughout the photobioreactor have been simulated with ANSYS-FLUENT. A representative domain of the flat photobioreactor has been selected by adopting proper periodic boundary conditions. Turbulence dispersion fields have been assessed by numerical simulations for several bubble size. A random-walk model developed in MATLAB has been adopted to microalgal cells to assess the irradiance experienced by the PSU-cell in the photobioreactors. The photobioreactor performances - expressed in terms of global photosynthesis rate – have been assessed. Irradiance level and biomass concentration have been changed in the range of operating conditions typically adopted for known processes

Hydrodynamic Characterization of GULF STREAM Circulation in a Pilot Scale Fluidized Bed Combustor

The present study addresses the hydrodynamics of a pilot-scale fluidized bed combustor with a focus on the establishment of "Gulf Stream" circulation patterns as a solids mixing promoter. Time-resolved pressure signals measured at different locations in the bed and in the plenum were analyzed in the time, frequency and phase-space domains. Results were matched against qualitative characterization of fluidization patterns by visual observation of the bed surface

Integrating Knowledge Graphs for Analysing Academia and Industry Dynamics

Academia and industry are constantly engaged in a joint effort for producing scientific knowledge that will shape the society of the future. Analysing the knowledge flow between them and understanding how they influence each other is a critical task for researchers, governments, funding bodies, investors, and companies. However, current corpora are unfit to support large-scale analysis of the knowledge flow between academia and industry since they lack of a good characterization of research topics and industrial sectors. In this short paper, we introduce the Academia/Industry DynAmics (AIDA) Knowledge Graph, which characterizes 14M papers and 8M patents according to the research topics drawn from the Computer Science Ontology. 4M papers and 5M patents are also classified according to the type of the author's affiliations (academy, industry, or collaborative) and 66 industrial sectors (e.g., automotive, financial, energy, electronics) obtained from DBpedia. AIDA was generated by an automatic pipeline that integrates several knowledge graphs and bibliographic corpora, including Microsoft Academic Graph, Dimensions, English DBpedia, the Computer Science Ontology, and the Global Research Identifier Database

Performance of NbSi transition-edge sensors readout with a 128 MUX factor for the QUBIC experiment

QUBIC (the Q and U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology) is a ground-based experiment which seeks to improve the current constraints on the amplitude of primordial gravitational waves. It exploits the unique technique, among Cosmic Microwave Background experiments, of bolometric interferometry, combining together the sensitivity of bolometric detectors with the control of systematic effects typical of interferometers. QUBIC will perform sky observations in polarization, in two frequency bands centered at 150 and 220 GHz, with two kilo-pixel focal plane arrays of NbSi Transition-Edge Sensors (TES) cooled down to 350 mK. A subset of the QUBIC instrument, the so called QUBIC Technological Demonstrator (TD), with a reduced number of detectors with respect to the full instrument, will be deployed and commissioned before the end of 2018. The voltage-biased TES are read out with Time Domain Multiplexing and an unprecedented multiplexing (MUX) factor equal to 128. This MUX factor is reached with two-stage multiplexing: a traditional one exploiting Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) at 1K and a novel SiGe Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) at 60 K. The former provides a MUX factor of 32, while the latter provides a further 4. Each TES array is composed of 256 detectors and read out with four modules of 32 SQUIDs and two ASICs. A custom software synchronizes and manages the readout and detector operation, while the TES are sampled at 780 Hz (100kHz/128 MUX rate). In this work we present the experimental characterization of the QUBIC TES arrays and their multiplexing readout chain, including time constant, critical temperature, and noise properties

Acute and cumulative effects of rTMS on behavioural and EMG parameters in Focal Hand Dystonia

Previous studies suggest that low-frequency repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) over contralateral premotor cortex (PMC) might ameliorate Focal Hand Dystonia (FHD) symptoms. In the present study behavioral and muscle activity outcomes were explored in a patient with FHD following a single and multiple sessions of rTMS. The patient's behavior was assessed on handwriting tasks, while surface EMG signals were recorded. In Experiment 1 evaluations were performed before and after one session of active and sham 1Hz rTMS over contralateral PMC. In Experiment 2, evaluations were performed before and after six sessions of the same treatment. In Experiment 1 active rTMS improved the patient's performance, although the EMG amplitude did not change. In Experiment 2, the patient showed an improvement of performance along with a decrease of 20% in the EMG amplitude. These results demonstrated that a single session of rTMS ameliorated the patient's performance, while multiple sessions were necessary to reduce muscles activity