Cocycle Properties of String Theories on Orbifolds

We study cocycle properties of vertex operators and present an operator representation of cocycle operators, which are attached to vertex operators to ensure the duality of amplitudes. It is shown that this analysis makes it possible to obtain the general class of consistent string theories on orbifolds.Comment: 40 pages (Talk given at Workshop on ``Recent Developments in String and Field theory", Kyoto, Japan on September 9-12, 1991.

Indocyanine green-laden poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polylactide (PEG-b-PLA) nanocapsules incorporating reverse micelles: Effects of PEG-b-PLA composition on the nanocapsule diameter and encapsulation efficiency

Reverse micelles are thermodynamically stable systems, with a capacity to encapsulate hydrophilic molecules in their nanosized core, which is smaller than the core generally obtained with water-in-oil-emulsion droplets. Herein, we present a simple technique for the preparation of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polylactide (PEG-b-PLA) nanocapsules encapsulating a hydrophilic photosensitizer (indocyanine green, ICG), which exploits reverse micelle formation and subsequent emulsion-solvent diffusion. We establish the effect of the PEG-b-PLA composition and the co-surfactant volume on the diameter and water content of the reverse micelles. We demonstrate that the composition of PEG-b-PLA affects also the diameter and encapsulation efficiency of the resulting nanocapsules. We show that the ICG-laden nanocapsules fabricated under the most optimal conditions have a diameter of approximately 100 nm and an ICG encapsulation efficiency of 58%. We believe that the method proposed here is a promising step towards the preparation of hydrophilic drug-laden polymer nanocapsules with a small diameter and therefore suitable for use in drug delivery applications based on enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect-driven passive targeting

Carpet Trade at Tabriz in the Nineteenth Century

Tabriz was one of the most important entrepot of export and import trade in the Qajar Iran.The main export good was silk until the latter part of 1860s.Wholesale dealers at Tabriz energetically purchased a large amount of silk for export from the Caspian regions, especially Gilan.However, as a consequence of silkworm disease, silk trade completely declined.Another export good substituted for silk.After 1870s, Both Iran-ian traders and European merchants tried to develop the carpet trade succsessfully.They endeavoured to produce carpets in great quantities based upon the commercial point of view.Around 1874, Ziegler & Co., European ente-rprise for carpet industry, was established at Sultanabad at the central part of Iranian plateau.Since that time, Sultanabad became the most productive center for carpet industry.Secondly, at the end of the 19th century, Iranian native bourgeoisies started to manufacture carpets centered on the city of Tabriz and Kerman.They generally did not have carpet factories, but handed over the weaving materials to labourers and made them weave carpets at their home, indicating a model of design and coluors.Iranian native traders exported carpets to European countries and America by way of Turkey.Istanbul played an important role of transit entrepot in carpet trade between Iran and Europe up to the World War I.We discuss some aspects of carpet production and trade centered on Tabriz

Nutritional Intake and Longevity -International Comparative Study-

We tried to make the relation between the state of nutritional intake and the life span of human beings clear by comparing them internationally. 1. Observing the correlation of nutrition and life span of both advanced and the other nations, the tendency is almost the same with that of the middle and low developed nations. It can be concluded that in any case the more the nutritional intake is, the more favorable influence is given upon the life span. Examining only about the advanced nations, however, it resulted that the correlations of the both are either very low or opposite to each other. It can be said that the people taking so much nutrition are having a bad influence upon the life span and death. It is especially true with the animal origin calorie and fats and oils. 2. Generally speaking, the influence of nutritional intakes upon the life span seems to change from the better or the worse at the following points. As for the total calorie it changes somewhere around 3000 kcal per capita a day, 35-40 % for the ratio of animal origin calorie, around 90g for protein, 50-60g for fats and oils. 3. Observing the relation between the two in the yearly transition of 7 nations, the intakes of total calorie, the ratio of animal origin calorie, protein, fats and oils, meat and eggs pararelled well especially with arteriosclerotic and degenerative heart diseases both in ranking by each nation and in yearly transition. Especially with intake of meat, it traces the most alike excess of ranking

Molecular Encapsulation and Ion-Transfer Behavior of Carboxy-Terminated PAMAM Dendrimer at the Liquid/Liquid Interface

ナノダイナミクス国際シンポジウム 平成22年1月21日(木) 於長崎大学Nagasaki Symposium on Nano-Dynamics 2010 (NSND2010), January 21, 2010, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, Invited Lectur

Molecular Encapsulation and Ion-Transfer Behavior of Carboxy-Terminated PAMAM Dendrimer at the Liquid/Liquid Interface

ナノダイナミクス国際シンポジウム 平成22年1月21日(木) 於長崎大学Nagasaki Symposium on Nano-Dynamics 2010 (NSND2010), January 21, 2010, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, Invited Lectur

Molecular Encapsulation and Ion-Transfer Behavior of Carboxy-Terminated PAMAM Dendrimer at the Liquid/Liquid Interface

ナノダイナミクス国際シンポジウム 平成22年1月21日(木) 於長崎大学Nagasaki Symposium on Nano-Dynamics 2010 (NSND2010), January 21, 2010, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, Invited Lectur

Molecular Encapsulation and Ion-Transfer Behavior of Carboxy-Terminated PAMAM Dendrimer at the Liquid/Liquid Interface

ナノダイナミクス国際シンポジウム 平成22年1月21日(木) 於長崎大学Nagasaki Symposium on Nano-Dynamics 2010 (NSND2010), January 21, 2010, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, Invited Lectur