PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF PROTOZOA AND SISTAN COW'S RUMEN BACTERIA FED WITH FORAGE RATIONS BY MOLECULAR AND LABORATORY METHODS

The present study was conducted to investigate the properties of rumen Microbiome in Sistani cattle by performing molecular experiments to clone the 18S rRNA genes of protozoans, culture rumen bacteria and then sequencing their 16S rRNA gene. Rumen liquid samples were collected from 10 Sistani cattle from the Sistan region, which were kept in a similar feeding group and fed on forage rations, through stomach tubes before feeding in the morning. The protozoa genome was extracted by the ASL buffer of the QiaAmp DNA stool kit (Qiagen), and their 18S rRNA gene was amplified and isolated with specific primers by the PCR method. The quantity and quality of DNA extracted with nanodrop 1000 and electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel, respectively, have been in The 18S rRNA protozoan gene was cloned using the T/A cloning technique in the PTZ plasmid and then the recombinant plasmid was transferred to E. coli.vestigated. The bacteriawere cultured with the dependent method and then their 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. Rumen bacteria culture was performed in an anaerobic culture medium using an anaerobic chamber with flexible plastic gloves. After purification, the bacteria were partially studied morphologically. Then the bacterial genome was extracted using a kit, and the 16S rRNA gene was propagated by PCR methods. The sequences have been sent to determine the final structure of the gene for sequencing. In the end, the phylogenetic tree is drawn using the MEGAX software.Investigating of the microbial sequences obtained from the rumen of the cattle showed that the results are somewhat consistent with the results of other researchers in other countries and in other animals, but in some cases, there are significant differences. In this study, the Entodinium genus was the dominantprotozoan group in the Sistani cattle's rumen. In the library, OTUs had a similarity of over 98.5% with the protozoan sequences identified in the database. The results of the culture of bacteria showed Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciense, Clostridium colinum, Streptococcus equinus and butyrivibrio genus, which had a high similarity of 96.54% with the bacterial sequences identified in the database. Ruminal microbial ecology is very complex. The real scope of this diversity is determined by the use of molecular identification methods for species. The complexity of this diversity is determined by the use of 16S rRNA genes and 18S rRNA genes. Since each microbial species occupies a small area and is found only in some animals

A new two-stage algorithm for solving optimization problems

Optimization seeks to find inputs for an objective function that result in a maximum or minimum. Optimization methods are divided into exact and approximate (algorithms). Several optimization algorithms imitate natural phenomena, laws of physics, and behavior of living organisms. Optimization based on algorithms is the challenge that underlies machine learning, from logistic regression to training neural networks for artificial intelligence. In this paper, a new algorithm called two-stage optimization (TSO) is proposed. The TSO algorithm updates population members in two steps at each iteration. For this purpose, a group of good population members is selected and then two members of this group are randomly used to update the position of each of them. This update is based on the first selected good member at the first stage, and on the second selected good member at the second stage. We describe the stages of the TSO algorithm and model them mathematically. Performance of the TSO algorithm is evaluated for twenty-three standard objective functions. In order to compare the optimization results of the TSO algorithm, eight other competing algorithms are considered, including genetic, gravitational search, grey wolf, marine predators, particle swarm, teaching-learning-based, tunicate swarm, and whale approaches. The numerical results show that the new algorithm is superior and more competitive in solving optimization problems when compared with other algorithms

Comparison of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life, Patient Satisfaction, and Stress Level between Patients Undergone Fixed Orthodontic Treatment and Clear Aligner Therapy

Introduction: Few studies were conducted on the effectiveness of clear aligners. The present study aimed to compare the quality of life related to oral health, patient satisfaction, and the level of anxiety caused by treatment in patients treated with fixed orthodontics and clear aligners.Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 100 patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment six months from the start of their treatment and 100 patients undergoing treatment with clear aligners six months from the start of their treatment. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire was used to compare the effect of these two treatments on the quality of life related to the oral health of these patients. Additionally, Patient Satisfaction (PSQ-18) questionnaire was used to check patients’ satisfaction and State Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess patients’ anxiety status.Results: The patients included 78 (38. 8%) males and 122 (61.2%) females. The average quality of life related to oral health was 53.26 with a range of 19 to 69, the average patient satisfaction was 42. 46, with a range of 14 to 50, and the mean and standard deviation of anxiety caused by treatment was 72. 26 ± 13. 93 with a range of 37 to 99. The average anxiety caused by the treatment in the transparent aligners group was significantly higher than the fixed orthodontic group (P<0.001). The average quality of life related to oral health in the transparent aligners group questionnaire was significantly lower than the fixed orthodontic group (P<0.001).Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the level of anxiety of clear aligners recipients is higher, and their quality of life is lower

Prioritization of Rural Tourism Development Strategies from the Aspect of Spatial Planning: A Case Study of Gaykan-Aligoodarz County

Promotion in rural tourism, based on sustainable tourism development and using tourism as the economic engine of the region to improve life quality, is one of the most important issues that needs to apply appropriate and rational strategies, fit to the regional and local capabilities and the direction of spatial analysis. This study aims to explore strategies of rural tourism development in the Gaykan village, which is one of the target tourism villages in Aligoodarz County. The research method is descriptive- analytical which uses questionnaire to collect data. Sample data were about 184 people in the geographical area. Cochran formula was used to estimate the number of sample data. Sampling method is random and stratified sampling. In order to analysis and prioritize tourism development strategies, we used SWOT analysis model. The results show that, considering the evaluation of internal and external factors, Invasive strategy (max - max) has been identified as an optimal strategy towards achieving tourism development in Gaykan village

A New “Good and Bad Groups-Based Optimizer” for Solving Various Optimization Problems

Optimization is the science that presents a solution among the available solutions considering an optimization problem’s limitations. Optimization algorithms have been introduced as efficient tools for solving optimization problems. These algorithms are designed based on various natural phenomena, behavior, the lifestyle of living beings, physical laws, rules of games, etc. In this paper, a new optimization algorithm called the good and bad groups-based optimizer (GBGBO) is introduced to solve various optimization problems. In GBGBO, population members update under the influence of two groups named the good group and the bad group. The good group consists of a certain number of the population members with better fitness function than other members and the bad group consists of a number of the population members with worse fitness function than other members of the population. GBGBO is mathematically modeled and its performance in solving optimization problems was tested on a set of twenty-three different objective functions. In addition, for further analysis, the results obtained from the proposed algorithm were compared with eight optimization algorithms: genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), gravitational search algorithm (GSA), teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO), gray wolf optimizer (GWO), and the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), tunicate swarm algorithm (TSA), and marine predators algorithm (MPA). The results show that the proposed GBGBO algorithm has a good ability to solve various optimization problems and is more competitive than other similar algorithms

Establishment of a culture condition for strong proliferation and enrichment of chicken spermatogonial stem cells in vitro

Poultry spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) have the potential to serve as a model for studying the basic biology of SSC and they can also be used for biotechnological purposes. However, the small number of SSCs and the presence of the testicular somatic cells with SSCs have limited their applications. Therefore, this study was undertaken for the first time to investigate the effect of a serum-free medium supplemented with a combination of specific growth factors and B27 on the proliferation and enrichment of newborn chicken SSCs in vitro. Newborn chicken testicular cells were cultured in a serum-free DMEM, supplemented with GDNF, bFGF, LIF, and EGF growth factors and also B27 as an alternative for FBS. Presence and maintenance of the SSCs in the enriched cultures were evaluated by detection of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and ASZ1, POU5F1, CVH and GPR125 gene expression. A small number of clusters and colonies were emerged in testicular cell cultures before treatment with the enriched cell culture medium. Enrichment of the DMEM with the above indicated factors strongly promoted the proliferation of the chicken SSCs. Moreover, this culture condition declined attachment and maintenance of the testicular somatic cells and thus they decreased gradually in the cultures. The enriched SSCs were positive for AP activity and with detectable levels of ASZ1, POU5F1, CVH and GPR125 gene expression. This study shows that serum-free medium supplemented with a combination of B27 and the above indicated growth factors induces proliferation and enrichment of chicken SSCs in vitro in a short period of time

Performance evaluation of curved damper truss moment frames designed using equivalent energy design procedure

Curved damper truss moment frame (CDTMF) system is a novel seismic force-resisting structural system which utilizes the curved dampers integrated into a semi-rigid moment frame to dissipate the earthquake input energy. To ensure the CDTMF has high performance, the state-of the art equivalent energy design procedure (EEDP) is applied to its design. EEDP allows engineers to design CDTMF to achieve different performance objectives at different levels of earthquake shaking intensities. In this study, two different prototype buildings (three and nine-story) were designed using EEDP. The seismic performance of the buildings was assessed using nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA) and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). The results of the nonlinear dynamic analyses demonstrate that the CDTMFs can achieve the predefined performance targets (selected by the designer) at different earthquake intensity levels. The results of the IDA also show that the EEDP designed CDTMF has a sufficient margin against collapse. The results of this study in general confirm that CDTMF can be used as an effective seismic force-resisting system