Online Faraid Calculator System

This document contains all the documentation and information related to the project developed by the student. The project mainly focused on the development of an Online Faraid Calculator System to improve the current system being used by the government agency specifically the „Majlis Agama Islam Negeri‟. The purpose of developing the system is to facilitate muslims people in order to make the inheritance process in the family to run smoothly without any problems. It is also created to integrate the ruling of Islam with technology where nowadays, information technology plays a vital role in everyday life and the ruling of Islam should be able to cope with the changes. Islamic Inheritance Law is one complex distribution system. It covers many aspect of wealth distribution based on the Quranic verses that become the main reference of all scholars to determine the percentage and value of the wealth distribution system. Understanding „Faraid‟ is one essential knowledge need to be learned by all Muslims in order to avoid many problems. There are many issues regarding faraid and many people are having very little knowledge about it thus causing an unnecessary fight among family members that could lead to a fight among families. The system in general will look up deep into the process of „Faraid‟ and calculate the wealth distribution among family members. Important information regarding inheritance will be gathered and used to create the system

Study of microchannels fabricated using desktop fused deposition modeling systems

Microfluidic devices are used to transfer small quantities of liquid through micro-scale channels. Conventionally, these devices are fabricated using techniques such as soft-lithography, paper microfluidics, micromachining, injection moulding, etc. The advancement in modern additive manufacturing methods is making three dimensional printing (3DP) a promising platform for the fabrication of microfluidic devices. Particularly, the availability of low-cost desktop 3D printers can produce inexpensive microfluidic devices in fast turnaround times. In this paper, we explore fused deposition modelling (FDM) to print non-transparent and closed internal micro features of in-plane microchannels (i.e., linear, curved and spiral channel profiles) and varying cross-section microchannels in the build direction (i.e., helical microchannel). The study provides a comparison of the minimum possible diameter size, the maximum possible fluid flow-rate without leakage, and absorption through the straight, curved, spiral and helical microchannels along with the printing accuracy of the FDM process for two low-cost desktop printers. Moreover, we highlight the geometry dependent printing issues of microchannels, pressure developed in the microchannels for complex geometry and establish that the profiles in which flowrate generates 4000 Pa are susceptible to leakages when no pre or post processing in the FDM printed parts is employed.fals

Detection of bacterial blight resistant gene xa5 using linked marker approaches

Rice is the primary source of food for 57% of the world’s population. Genetic resistance is important to control many kinds of pathogenic diseases. Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae(Xoo) decreases rice production by 20 – 30% and up to about 90% loss of grain weight. xa5 is an important recessive bacterial blight resistant gene, which is effective and important in Asian rice breeding program. It was also used in combination by incorporation with various recessive anddominant BB resistant genes. The purpose of our study was to identify the bacterial blight resistant genes xa5 in Pakistani rice germplasm including Basmati varieties. The seeds were collected from different research institute and then sowed in the National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) in pots. DNAs were extracted and surveyed for polymorphism by using DNA marker linked to xa5 gene. During this polymorphic survey, out of 88 germplasm lines, 45 lines showed the presence of xa5 gene like MB 2, MB 33 MB 57 and MB 66. All these lines showed the amplification of 240 bp corresponding to resistant source IRBB-5 line, while 43 germplasm lines showed no such fragment and elucidated same bands as susceptible source IR-24 having fragment of about 230 base pair. The 10 Pakistani Basmati varieties were also surveyed for xa5 gene. It was observed that none of our cultivated basmati varieties exhibited the presence of xa5 gene. The purpose of screening of xa5 gene in Pakistani rice germplasm is to utilize the local source of xa5 gene for elite molecular breeding program being carried out at NIBGE in future including pyramiding of different disease resistant gene in Basmati varieties

Online Faraid Calculator System

This document contains all the documentation and information related to the project developed by the student. The project mainly focused on the development of an Online Faraid Calculator System to improve the current system being used by the government agency specifically the „Majlis Agama Islam Negeri‟. The purpose of developing the system is to facilitate muslims people in order to make the inheritance process in the family to run smoothly without any problems. It is also created to integrate the ruling of Islam with technology where nowadays, information technology plays a vital role in everyday life and the ruling of Islam should be able to cope with the changes. Islamic Inheritance Law is one complex distribution system. It covers many aspect of wealth distribution based on the Quranic verses that become the main reference of all scholars to determine the percentage and value of the wealth distribution system. Understanding „Faraid‟ is one essential knowledge need to be learned by all Muslims in order to avoid many problems. There are many issues regarding faraid and many people are having very little knowledge about it thus causing an unnecessary fight among family members that could lead to a fight among families. The system in general will look up deep into the process of „Faraid‟ and calculate the wealth distribution among family members. Important information regarding inheritance will be gathered and used to create the system

Obstetric anal sphincter injury: a systematic review of information available on the internet.

OBJECTIVE: There is no systematic evaluation of online health information pertaining to obstetric anal sphincter injury. Therefore, we evaluated the accuracy, credibility, reliability, and readability of online information concerning obstetric anal sphincter injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multiple search engines were searched. The first 30 webpages were identified for each keyword and considered eligible if they provided information regarding obstetric anal sphincter injury. Eligible webpages were assessed by two independent researchers for accuracy (prioritised criteria based upon the RCOG Third and Fourth Degree Tear guideline); credibility; reliability; and readability. RESULTS: Fifty-eight webpages were included. Seventeen webpages (30%) had obtained Health On the Net certification, or Information Standard approval and performed better than those without such approvals (p = 0.039). The best overall performing website was http://www.pat.nhs.uk (score of 146.7). A single webpage (1%) fulfilled the entire criteria for accuracy with a score of 18: www.tamesidehospital.nhs.uk . Twenty-nine webpages (50%) were assessed as credible (scores ≥7). A single webpage achieved a maximum credibility score of 10: www.meht.nhs.uk . Over a third (21 out of 58) were rated as poor or very poor. The highest scoring webpage was http://www.royalsurrey.nhs.uk (score 62). No webpage met the recommended Flesch Reading Ease Score above 70. The intra-class coefficient between researchers was 0.98 (95% CI 0.96-0.99) and 0.94 (95% CI 0.89-0.96) for accuracy and reliability assessments. CONCLUSION: Online information concerning obstetric anal sphincter injury often uses language that is inappropriate for a lay audience and lacks sufficient accuracy, credibility, and reliability

Development of a rapid, sensitive, and field-deployable Razor Ex BioDetection system and quantitative PCR assay for detection of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora using multiple gene targets

A validated, multigene-based method using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and the Razor Ex BioDetection system was developed for detection of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora. This soilborne fungus causes Phymatotrichopsis root rot of cotton, alfalfa, and other dicot crops in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, leading to significant crop losses and limiting the range of crops that can be grown in soils where the fungus is established. It is on multiple lists of regulated organisms. Because P. omnivora is difficult to isolate, accurate and sensitive culture-independent diagnostic tools are needed to confirm infections by this fungus. Specific PCR primers and probes were designed based on P. omnivora nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding rRNA internal transcribed spacers, beta-tubulin, and the second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). PCR products were cloned and sequenced to confirm their identity. All primer sets allowed early detection of P. omnivora in infected but asymptomatic plants. A modified rapid DNA purification method, which facilitates a quick (about 30-min) on-site assay capability for P. omnivora detection, was developed. Combined use of three target genes increased the assay accuracy and broadened the range of detection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a multigene-based, field-deployable, rapid, and reliable identification method for a fungal plant pathogen and should serve as a model for the development of field-deployable assays of other phytopathogens.Peer reviewedEntomology and Plant PathologyBiochemistry and Molecular Biolog

The importance of alternative host plants as reservoirs of the cotton leaf hopper, Amrasca devastans, and its natural enemies

Many agricultural pests can be harboured by alternative host plants but these can also harbour the pests’ natural enemies. We evaluated the capacity of non-cotton plant species (both naturally growing and cultivated) to function as alternative hosts for the cotton leaf hopper Amrasca devastans (Homoptera: Ciccadellidae) and its natural enemies. Forty-eight species harboured A. devastans. Twenty-four species were true breeding hosts, bearing both nymphal and adult A. devastans, the rest were incidental hosts. The crop Ricinus communis and the vegetables Abelmoschus esculentus and Solanum melongena had the highest potential for harbouring A. devastans and carrying it over into the seedling cotton crop. Natural enemies found on true alternative host plants were spiders, predatory insects (Chrysoperla carnea, Coccinellids, Orius spp. and Geocoris spp.) and two species of egg parasitoids (Arescon enocki and Anagrus sp.). Predators were found on 23 species of alternative host plants, especially R. communis. Parasitoids emerged from one crop species (R. communis) and three vegetable species; with 39 % of A. devastans parasitised. We conclude that the presence of alternative host plants provides both advantages and disadvantages to the cotton agro-ecosystem because they are a source of both natural enemy and pest species. To reduce damage by A. devastans, we recommend that weeds that harbour the pest should be removed, that cotton cultivation with R. communis, A. esculentus, and S. melongena should be avoided, that pesticides should be applied sparingly to cultivate alternative host plants and that cotton crops should be sown earlier

Physcomitrella patens DCL3 Is Required for 22–24 nt siRNA Accumulation, Suppression of Retrotransposon-Derived Transcripts, and Normal Development

Endogenous 24 nt short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), derived mostly from intergenic and repetitive genomic regions, constitute a major class of endogenous small RNAs in flowering plants. Accumulation of Arabidopsis thaliana 24 nt siRNAs requires the Dicer family member DCL3, and clear homologs of DCL3 exist in both flowering and non-flowering plants. However, the absence of a conspicuous 24 nt peak in the total RNA populations of several non-flowering plants has raised the question of whether this class of siRNAs might, in contrast to the ancient 21 nt microRNAs (miRNAs) and 21–22 nt trans-acting siRNAs (tasiRNAs), be an angiosperm-specific innovation. Analysis of non-miRNA, non-tasiRNA hotspots of small RNA production within the genome of the moss Physcomitrella patens revealed multiple loci that consistently produced a mixture of 21–24 nt siRNAs with a peak at 23 nt. These Pp23SR loci were significantly enriched in transposon content, depleted in overlap with annotated genes, and typified by dense concentrations of the 5-methyl cytosine (5 mC) DNA modification. Deep sequencing of small RNAs from two independent Ppdcl3 mutants showed that the P. patens DCL3 homolog is required for the accumulation of 22–24 nt siRNAs, but not 21 nt siRNAs, at Pp23SR loci. The 21 nt component of Pp23SR-derived siRNAs was also unaffected by a mutation in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase mutant Pprdr6. Transcriptome-wide, Ppdcl3 mutants failed to accumulate 22–24 nt small RNAs from repetitive regions while transcripts from two abundant families of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon-associated reverse transcriptases were up-regulated. Ppdcl3 mutants also displayed an acceleration of leafy gametophore production, suggesting that repetitive siRNAs may play a role in the development of P. patens. We conclude that intergenic/repeat-derived siRNAs are indeed a broadly conserved, distinct class of small regulatory RNAs within land plants