Ethiopathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy of foal neonatal septicemia

Sepsis is very frequent cause of neonatal foal deaths. It is systemic inflammation developing after infective agents break into in the foal circulation with progressive disturbance of health not responding to intensive therapy. Systemic inflammatory response and development of the shock in first phase of the sepsis development lead to massive organ damages and progression of organ dysfunction syndrome further promoting loss of homeostatic mechanisms and death of foal. During the period of three decades high mortality rate of newborn foals have been reported. Among most frequent causes of foal deaths beside EHV1 infection, bacterial sepsis mostly accompanied with insufficient colostral immunity transfer was documented. Fast development of the non-specific symptoms and shock in foals are often misleading diagnostics thus prolonging the onset of specific therapy. Therefore the effective clinical procedures, beside close observation of newborn foals, depend upon fast recognition of mechanisms of infection and shock development. Since time-consuming procedure is necessary for identification of the causative infective agent and the evaluation of its susceptibility on antibiotics, the therapy if symptomatic and include intravenous administration of fluids in aim to correct glycaemia and acid-base disturbance, antibiotic and antiendotoxic treatment, and substitutive treatment of immunoglobulin deficiency in all cases of passive immune transfer failure involved in sepsis development.

Neonatalna septikemija ždrebadi - etiopatogeneza, dijagnostika i terapija

Sepsis is very frequent cause of neonatal foal deaths. It is systemic inflammation developing after infective agents break into in the foal circulation with progressive disturbance of health not responding to intensive therapy. Systemic inflammatory response and development of the shock in first phase of the sepsis development lead to massive organ damages and progression of organ dysfunction syndrome further promoting loss of homeostatic mechanisms and death of foal. During the period of three decades high mortality rate of newborn foals have been reported. Among most frequent causes of foal deaths beside EHV1 infection, bacterial sepsis mostly accompanied with insufficient colostral immunity transfer was documented. Fast development of the non-specific symptoms and shock in foals are often misleading diagnostics thus prolonging the onset of specific therapy. Therefore the effective clinical procedures, beside close observation of newborn foals, depend upon fast recognition of mechanisms of infection and shock development. Since time-consuming procedure is necessary for identification of the causative infective agent and the evaluation of its susceptibility on antibiotics, the therapy if symptomatic and include intravenous administration of fluids in aim to correct glycaemia and acid-base disturbance, antibiotic and antiendotoxic treatment, and substitutive treatment of immunoglobulin deficiency in all cases of passive immune transfer failure involved in sepsis development. .Sepsa je bez sumnje jedan od najčešćih uzroka uginuća novorođene ždrebadi. Karakteriše se sistemskim inflamatornim odgovorom organizma na prodor infektivnog agensa u cirkulaciju, sa progresivnim pogoršavanjem zdravstvenog stanja uprkos intenzivnoj terapiji. Kao posledica sistemskog inflamatornog odgovora organizma i šoka, koji čine prvu fazu sepse, u drugoj fazi dolazi do obimnih organskih oštećenja (sindrom organske disfunkcije), koji su odgovorni za slom homeostaskih mehanizama i brzo uginuće. Tokom poslednjih tridesetak godina u Srbiji je registrovan visok procenat uginuća novorođene ždrebadi, pri čemu je uz herpesvirus tip 1 u značajnom procentu uzrok uginuća bila bakterijska sepsa, najčešće u vezi sa nedovoljnim transferom kolostralnih imunoglobulina, što je u više slučajeva potvrđeno. Brzi tok bolesti sa nespecifičnom kliničkom slikom i stanje šoka otežavaju pravovremeno prepoznavanje simptoma i preduzimanje odgovarajuće terapije, zbog čega je za efikasnije sprečavanje ovakvih pojava, uz pažljivu kliničku opservaciju novorođenčadi u prvim danima života, neophodno dobro poznavanje mehanizama infekcije i šoka. Kako je za potvrdu dijagnoze - identifikaciju uzročnika i ispitivanje njegove osetljivosti na antibiotike potrebno dosta vremena, terapija je najčešće simptomatska i obuhvata intravensku nadoknadu tečnosti, elektrolita i glukoze, korekciju acidobaznih poremećaja, primenu antibiotika i antiendotoksičnih supstancija, zatim supstituciju deficitnih imunoglobulina, u svim slučajevima kada je uzrok sepse bio nedovoljan transfer kolostralnih imunoglobulina.

Transfuzija krvi kod konja

Fluid therapy includes blood transfusion which presents the most efficient manner of treating hypovolaemia caused by blood loss, even though whole blood can be used as a therapeutic means in other cases as well - in deficits of the blood coagulation factor, exhaustion of the antiprotease system, hypoproteinaemia, primarily hypoalbuminaemia, and others. The application of fresh blood has an advantage over preserved blood, which does not lessen the importance of setting up a blood bank, in particular in cases when the blood groups of the donors are precisely determined. .Deo terapije tečnošću je i transfuzija krvi, koja predstavlja najefikasniji način lečenja hipovolemije izazvane gubitkom krvi, premda se puna krv može koristiti kao terapijsko sredstvo i u drugim slučajevima - kod deficita faktora koagulacije krvi, iscrpljivanja antiproteaznog sistema, hipoproteinemije, hipoalbuminemije itd. Primena sveže krvi ima prednost u odnosu na konzervisanu, što ne umanjuje značaj formiranja banke krvi, naročito u slučajevima kada su krvne grupe donora precizno utvrđene.

Opstrukcija tankog creva ždrebadi askarididama posle dehelmintizacije ivermektinom - prikaz slučaja

High intensity of infection with ascaridida Parascaris equorum can lead to intraluminal obstruction of the ileum in foals, especially during the first dehelmintisation (during and after weaning), more rarely in older ones. Bowel obstruction is followed by strong colic pain and shock, which inevitably leads to death, especially in cases when an adequate therapy is not taken on time. The paper describes four cases of small intestine obstruction with ascarididae in foals of American trotter race, provoked by an antiparasitic agent. The first symptoms appeared about twenty hours after the treatment with antiparasitic. Two of the foals have been cured with medicament therapy, one died, and in one case there was taken surgery in field conditions.Visok intenzitet infekcije askarididom Parascaris equorum može da dovede do intraluminalne opstrukcije ileuma kod ždrebadi, naročito tokom prve dehelmintizacije (u vreme i nakon odbijanja), ređe kod starijih jedinki. Opstrukciju creva prate jaki količni bolovi i šok, koji neminovno dovodi do uginuća, naročito u slučajevima kada adekvatna terapija nije preduzeta na vreme. U radu su opisana četiri slučaja opstrukcije tankog creva askarididama kod ždrebadi rase američki kasač, koja je bila isprovocirana antiparazitikom. Prvi simptomi su se pojavili dvadesetak sati od tretmana antiparazitikom. Dva ždrebeta su izlečena uz medikamentoznu terapiju, jedno je uginulo, pri čemu je u jednom slučaju preduzeta hirurška intervencija u terenskim uslovima

Ispitivanje prisustva antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa-1 u krvnom serumu ždrebadi pre i nakon uzimanja kolostruma

The titer of specific antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 in blood serum was tested in two groups of mares and their foals. The first group consisted of 12 mares, Standardbred and Serbian Trotter breed, who were vaccinated against equine herpesvirus-1 and 4 in the 5th, 7th and 9th month of pregnancy. On the contrary, 12 mares from the second group, of Lipizzaner breed, were not vaccinated. The mares' blood samples for antibodies titer investigation were taken 30, 15 and 7 days before the expected partus, then immediately after the partus, while their foals' blood samples were taken immediately after foaling, then just before colostrum intake, and finally 1, 2, 3 and 7 days later. The titer of antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 was tested by the method of virus - neutralization, on microtiter plates with constant dose of the virus and serial double dilutions of the serum. In unvaccinated mares, titer of antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 was either low or not present, but on the contrary, in the vaccinated ones the antibodies titer ranged from 1:32 to 1:256. In the foals originating from both vaccinated and unvaccinated there were not found specific antibodies in the serum before colostrum intake. After the colostrum intake, the values of specific antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 significantly increased in the foals originating from the vaccinated mares, and ranged from 1:8 to 1:32.Titar specifičnih antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa-1 u krvnom serumu ispitan je kod dve grupe kobila i njihove ždrebadi. Prva grupa od 12 kobila, rase američki i srpski kasač, bila je vakcinisana protiv konjskog herpsvirusa-1 i 4 u 5, 7. i 9. mesecu graviditeta, za razliku od druge grupe od 12 lipicanskih kobila koje nisu bile vakcinisane. Uzorci krvi kobila za ispitivanje titra antitela bili su uzeti na 30, 15 i 7 dana pre očekivanog partusa, zatim neposredno posle partusa, a uzorci krvi njihove ždrebadi neposredno posle ždrebljenja, pre uzimanja kolostruma, zatim 1, 2, 3 i 7 dana kasnije. Titar antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa-1 ispitan je metodom virus - neutralizacije, na mikrotitar pločama sa konstantnom dozom virusa i dvostrukim serijskim razređenjem seruma. Kod nevakcinisanih kobila titar antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa-1 bio je nizak ili ga nije bilo, za razliku od vakcinisanih kobila kod kojih je ustanovljen titar atitela u rasponu od 1:32 do 1:256. Kod ždrebadi vakcinisanih i nevakcinisanih kobila nema specifičnih antitela u serumu pre unosa kolostruma. Nakon unosa kolostruma vrednost titra specifičnih antitela na konjski herpesvirus-1 značajno raste kod ždebadi vakcinisanih kobila i kreće se od 1:8 do 1:32

Zastupljenost osnovnih frakcija serumskih proteina, imunoglobulina G i titar antitela protiv herpesvirusa 1 u novorođene ždrebadi poreklom od vakcinisanih i nevakcinisanih kobila

Neonatalne infekcije bakterijama i virusima, pre svega infekcija konjskim herpesvirusom 1 i neonatalna septikemija, predstavljaju glavni uzrok gubitaka novorođene ždrebadi. Ključni problem je najčešće nedovoljan transfer kolostralnog imuniteta. Procena imunog statusa kod novorođene ždrebadi ima veliki značaj u dijagnostici, predviđanju i preveniranju neonatalnih infekcija. Pravovremenom supstitucijom imunoglobulina u slučaju nedovoljnog transfera kolostralnih antitela, naime, mogu se sprečiti komplikacije koje su veoma često odgovorne za uginuće novorođene ždrebadi. Ispitivanje pasivnog transfera kolostralnih imunoglobulina, sadržaja pojedinih frakcija serumskih proteina, IgG i titra specifičnih antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa 1 kod novorođene ždrebadi izvedeno je na dve ergele lipicanera i kasača. Ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno 12 kobila lipicanske rase, koje nisu vakcinisane protiv konjskog herpesvirusa 1, uključujući i njihovih 12 ždrebadi, zatim na 12 kobila rase američki i srpski kasač, koje su tokom graviditeta trokratno vakcinisane protiv herpesvirusa 1, uključujući, takođe, i njihovih 12 ždrebadi. Po 6 ždrebadi iz svake grupe je, pri tome, neposredno posle rođenja u prvom napoju dobilo kolostrum sa dodatkom mineralnog adsorbenta na bazi zeolita, dok je drugih 6 dobilo kolostrum bez zeolita. Analizom dobijenih rezultata dokazana je korelacija između koncentracije gama globulina u krvnom serumu kobila i sadržaja imunoglobulina u njihovom kolostrumu, bez statistički značajnih razlika između dve grupe kobila, uz postojanje statistički značajnih razlika između dve grupe kobila u titru specifičnih antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa 1...Neonatal infections caused by bacteria and viruses, primarily by equine herpes virus 1, together with neonatal septicaemia, present the majore causes of newborne foal loss. The key problem is most often insufficient transfer of colostral immunity. Assessment of immunity status in newborne foals has a great importance in diagnostics, prediction and prevention of neonatal infection. By timely substitution of immunoglobulin in cases of insufficient transfer of colostral antibodies, complications leading to death of newborn foals can be prevented. Testing of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin, content of certain serum protein fraction, IgG and titres of specific antibodies against equne herpes virus 1 in newborn foal was done in two Lipizzaner and Trotter farms. The testing included 12 Lipizzaner mares, not vaccinated against equine herpes virus 1, including their 12 foals, and 12 American and Serbian Trotter mares which were three times vaccinated during pregnancy against equine herpes virus 1, including their 12 foals too. Six foals from each group received their first colostrums with zeolite based mineral adsorbent, while the other 6 foals received colostrums without zeolite. Analysis of the obtained results proved correlation between gamma globulin concentration in mare serum and the content of immunoglobulin in their colostrum, without statistically significant differences between the two group of mares, but with statistically significant differences in titres of specific antibodies against equine herpes virus 1..

Blood transfusion in horses

Fluid therapy includes blood transfusion which presents the most efficient manner of treating hypovolaemia caused by blood loss, even though whole blood can be used as a therapeutic means in other cases as well - in deficits of the blood coagulation factor, exhaustion of the antiprotease system, hypoproteinaemia, primarily hypoalbuminaemia, and others. The application of fresh blood has an advantage over preserved blood, which does not lessen the importance of setting up a blood bank, in particular in cases when the blood groups of the donors are precisely determined.

Investigations on the presence of antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 in blood serum of foals, prior to and after colostrum intake

The titer of specific antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 in blood serum was tested in two groups of mares and their foals. The first group consisted of 12 mares, Standardbred and Serbian Trotter breed, who were vaccinated against equine herpesvirus-1 and 4 in the 5th, 7th and 9th month of pregnancy. On the contrary, 12 mares from the second group, of Lipizzaner breed, were not vaccinated. The mares' blood samples for antibodies titer investigation were taken 30, 15 and 7 days before the expected partus, then immediately after the partus, while their foals' blood samples were taken immediately after foaling, then just before colostrum intake, and finally 1, 2, 3 and 7 days later. The titer of antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 was tested by the method of virus - neutralization, on microtiter plates with constant dose of the virus and serial double dilutions of the serum. In unvaccinated mares, titer of antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 was either low or not present, but on the contrary, in the vaccinated ones the antibodies titer ranged from 1:32 to 1:256. In the foals originating from both vaccinated and unvaccinated there were not found specific antibodies in the serum before colostrum intake. After the colostrum intake, the values of specific antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 significantly increased in the foals originating from the vaccinated mares, and ranged from 1:8 to 1:32.Titar specifičnih antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa-1 u krvnom serumu ispitan je kod dve grupe kobila i njihove ždrebadi. Prva grupa od 12 kobila, rase američki i srpski kasač, bila je vakcinisana protiv konjskog herpsvirusa-1 i 4 u 5, 7. i 9. mesecu graviditeta, za razliku od druge grupe od 12 lipicanskih kobila koje nisu bile vakcinisane. Uzorci krvi kobila za ispitivanje titra antitela bili su uzeti na 30, 15 i 7 dana pre očekivanog partusa, zatim neposredno posle partusa, a uzorci krvi njihove ždrebadi neposredno posle ždrebljenja, pre uzimanja kolostruma, zatim 1, 2, 3 i 7 dana kasnije. Titar antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa-1 ispitan je metodom virus - neutralizacije, na mikrotitar pločama sa konstantnom dozom virusa i dvostrukim serijskim razređenjem seruma. Kod nevakcinisanih kobila titar antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa-1 bio je nizak ili ga nije bilo, za razliku od vakcinisanih kobila kod kojih je ustanovljen titar atitela u rasponu od 1:32 do 1:256. Kod ždrebadi vakcinisanih i nevakcinisanih kobila nema specifičnih antitela u serumu pre unosa kolostruma. Nakon unosa kolostruma vrednost titra specifičnih antitela na konjski herpesvirus-1 značajno raste kod ždebadi vakcinisanih kobila i kreće se od 1:8 do 1:32

Investigations on the presence of antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 in blood serum of foals, prior to and after colostrum intake

The titer of specific antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 in blood serum was tested in two groups of mares and their foals. The first group consisted of 12 mares, Standardbred and Serbian Trotter breed, who were vaccinated against equine herpesvirus-1 and 4 in the 5th, 7th and 9th month of pregnancy. On the contrary, 12 mares from the second group, of Lipizzaner breed, were not vaccinated. The mares’ blood samples for antibodies titer investigation were taken 30, 15 and 7 days before the expected partus, then immediately after the partus, while their foals’ blood samples were taken immediately after foaling, then just before colostrum intake, and finally 1, 2, 3 and 7 days later. The titer of antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 was tested by the method of virus - neutralization, on microtiter plates with constant dose of the virus and serial double dilutions of the serum. In unvaccinated mares, titer of antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 was either low or not present, but on the contrary, in the vaccinated ones the antibodies titer ranged from 1:32 to 1:256. In the foals originating from both vaccinated and unvaccinated there were not found specific antibodies in the serum before colostrum intake. After the colostrum intake, the values of specific antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 significantly increased in the foals originating from the vaccinated mares, and ranged from 1:8 to 1:32

SEROPREVALENCE OF NEOSPORA CANINUM IN DOGS

Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasitic protozoa that seriously impacts economic performance of diary and beef industries by causing abortion in cattle. Likewise, it is considered as a cause of severe neuromuscular disease in dogs around the world. Since canine neosporosis has not yet been properly investigated in Serbia,the aim of our work was to determine seroprevalence of N. caninum antibodies in a group of dogs from one region of Vojvodina (Serbia) and to evaluate the importance of the age as a possible risk factor for higher seropositivity to N.caninum in dogs. For this purpose, sera from 31 dog from territory of Krčedin and Vršac were examined using indirect fluorescent antibody test. All sera were screened at 1:50 dilution and positive samples were then titrated in two-fold dilution series to the respective endpoint (1:100). Our findings showed that 12,9% of tested dogs was positive to N. caninum antibodies, but no statistically important association between seroprevalence and the age of the dogs was discovered