Studi Analisa Keandalan Sistem Distribusi Tenaga Listrik Pada PLN ULP Wonogiri

Electricity is a basic need that cannot be avoided from human needs in today's era. So the distribution of electricity that is distributed starting from generation, transmission, distribution to customers must be reliably maintained against disturbances that occur outside of the will of PLN as a company that runs the electricity business. From the distribution circuit of the electric power system, the parts that often occur that experience disturbances are parts of the distribution system. This is because this section is mostly found close to settlements and close to trees which results in trips to the distribution system. The disturbances found in the system include trees hitting tissues, animals, and lightning. The author in compiling the final project examined 12 feeders at PLN ULP Wonogiri with a predetermined index consisting of SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIFI, CAIDI, ASAI, and ASUI. From the index that has been determined and through the index calculation process, it produces a value for the feeder and can be categorized from 12 feeders in Wonogiri as reliable or not. The results of the study concluded that there are feeders that can be categorized as unreliable in the SAIFI index, namely WNI-01 because the resulting value exceeds the index, namely 1.53 with a standard SPLN 68 - 2: 1986 and IEEE std 1366 - 2003. SPLN standard 68 - 2: 1986 with a value of 1.45 times/customer/year and IEEE standard std 1366 – 2003 with a value of 1,56635 times/customer/year. In addition to the SAIDI index there is also an index on feeders that can be categorized as unreliable on feeders WNI-01 and NTI-01 with values of 5.21 and 1.71, respectively, exceeding the standards applicable in IEEE std 1366 – 2003 and WCS (World Class Service) and WCC (World Class Company). IEEE standards std 1366 – 2003 with a value of 2.30 hours/customer/year and WCS (World Class Service) and WCC (World Class Company) with a value of 1,666 hours/customer/year. Therefore, PLN can increase the reliability of the feeder that exceeds the standard by scheduling maintenance

Contamination of Gloved Hands by Multidrug Resistant Bacteria during Small Animal Surgery Wet-labs and its Potential Implication for Occurrence of Surgical Site Infections

This study was carried out to evaluate the level of asepsis at various stages of the surgical procedures during the undergraduatestudents’ wet-lab sessions. Skin and/or wound swabs were collected from different wet lab groups, sessions and stages. The swabs were processed for bacteriological isolation using standard microbiological procedures. A total of 62 isolates of bacteria belonging to 8 genera: Staphylococcus (n=38), Streptococcus (n=1), Corynebacterium n=4), Escherichia (n=7), Proteus (n=8), Klebsiella (n=2), Serratia (n=1) and Acinetobacter (1), were isolated. The most commonly isolated species of bacteria were Staphylococcus equorum (n=31) and Proteus spp.(n=7), which were detected in swabs from ungloved and gloved hands of surgeon and his assistant, patient’s surgical sites and surgical site infections. All the isolates (Gram-positive and negative) were resistant to at least one antibiotic with resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics: ampicillin (89.3% and 100% and amoxicillin (75% and 100%) most observed. The bacteria were more susceptible to doxycycline (75%) and imipenem (87.5%) respectively. Majority of the isolates (83.3%, n=30) were multidrug resistant, presenting in one of 24 different multidrug resistance patterns. The detection of these bacteria from the normally aseptic surgical procedure indicates a break in asepsis. Similarly, the danger of spreading multidrug resistant bacteria to the surgical wounds may result in wound infection,dehiscence, delayed healing and increased cost of post-surgical management. It is recommended that adherence to stringent pre-surgical and intra-surgical asepsis should be observed. Keywords: Small animal; Wet-labs; Contamination; Aerobic bacteria; Multi-drug resistanc

Are patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who are identified through active case finding in the community different than those identified in healthcare facilities?

The lack of healthcare access contributes to large numbers of tuberculosis (TB) cases being missed and has led to renewed interest in outreach approaches to increase detection. It is however unclear whether outreach activities increase case detection or merely identify patients before they attend health facilities. We compared adults with cough of >2 weeks' duration recruited in health facilities (1202 participants) or in urban slums (2828 participants) in Nigeria. Participants provided demographic and clinical information and were screened using smear microscopy. The characteristics of smear-positive and smear-negative individuals were compared stratified by place of enrolment. Two hundred nine health facility participants (17.4%) and 485 community-based participants (16.9%) were smear positive for pulmonary TB. Community-based smear-positive cases were older (mean age, 36.3 vs. 31.8 years), had longer cough duration (10.3 vs. 6.8 weeks) and longer duration of weight loss (4.6 vs. 3.6 weeks) than facility-based cases; and they complained more of fever (87.4% vs. 74.6%), chest pain (89.0% vs. 67.0%) and anorexia (79.5% vs. 55.5%). Community smear-negative participants were older (mean, 39.4 vs. 34.0 years), were more likely to have symptoms and were more likely to have symptoms of longer duration than smear-negative facility-based participants. Patients with pulmonary TB identified in the community had more symptoms and longer duration of illness than facility-based patients, which appeared to be due to factors differentially affecting access to healthcare. Community-based activities targeted at urban slum populations may identify a different TB case population than that accessing stationary services

Management of Diffuse Necrotic Cutaneous Wound in a Dog

A one-year-old male Terrier dog weighing 22 kg was presented to the Ahmadu Bello University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (ABUVTH), Zaria, Nigeria, with complaints of sloughing of the skin and purulent discharges from an injured (sloughed) shoulder. Clinical examination revealed normal vital parameters, extensive necrotized skin on the dorsum extending from loin to the right shoulder and enlarged superficial lymph nodes. Blood and wound swab samples were evaluated in the clinical haematology and Microbiology Laboratories of the ABUVTH, respectively. The Pathology result showed leucocytosis due to neutrophilia and monocytosis. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the wound swab. The wound was managed by wet-todry bandaging technique using topical antiseptics (Para-chloroaniline solution, chlorhexidine and povidone iodine), improvised non-adhesive protective membrane (polyethylene) applied at the wound-bandage interface, bandages along with adhesive tape and systemic antibiotics. Healing occurred uneventfully within 6 weeks of the intervention. The paper discusses the detail of the management initiated and how it greatly influenced the skin wound healing in dogs. In conclusion, proper initial assessment of wounds and appropriate treatment through rigorous wound assessment and bandaging are critical to success in the wound healing and restoration of tissue integrity. This management intervention could be further investigated in animals in order to improve the quality of cutaneous wounds management Keywords: Cutaneous wound; Para-chloroaniline solution; Idiopathic, Management; Polyethylen