17,432 research outputs found
Gluon Condensates, Chiral Symmetry Breaking and Pion Wave Function
We consider here chiral symmetry breaking in quantum chromodynamics arising
from gluon condensates in vacuum. Through coherent states of gluons simulating
a mean field type of approximation, we show that the off-shell gluon
condensates of vacuum generate a mass-like contribution for the quarks, giving
rise to chiral symmetry breaking. We next note that spontaneous breaking of
global chiral symmetry links the four component quark field operator to the
pion wave function. This in turn yields many hadronic properties in the light
quark sector in agreement with experiments, leading to the conclusion that low
energy hadron properties are primarily driven by the vacuum structure of
quantum chromodynamics.Comment: 25 pages, IP/BBSR/92-76, revte
Time Evolution of Entropy in Gravitational Collapse
We study the time evolution of the entropy of a collapsing spherical domain
wall, from the point of view of an asymptotic observer, by investigating the
entropy of the entire system (i.e. domain wall and radiation) and induced
radiation alone during the collapse. By taking the difference, we find the
entropy of the collapsing domain wall, since this is the object which will form
a black hole. We find that for large values of time (times larger than
), the entropy of the collapsing domain wall is a constant,
which is of the same order as the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure
An analysis of a QND speed-meter interferometer
In the quest to develop viable designs for third-generation optical
interferometric gravitational-wave detectors (e.g. LIGO-III and EURO), one
strategy is to monitor the relative momentum or speed of the test-mass mirrors,
rather than monitoring their relative position. This paper describes and
analyzes the most straightforward design for a {\it speed meter interferometer}
that accomplishes this -- a design (due to Braginsky, Gorodetsky, Khalili and
Thorne) that is analogous to a microwave-cavity speed meter conceived by
Braginsky and Khalili. A mathematical mapping between the microwave speed meter
and the optical interferometric speed meter is developed and is used to show
(in accord with the speed being a Quantum Nondemolition [QND] observable) that
{\it in principle} the interferometric speed meter can beat the
gravitational-wave standard quantum limit (SQL) by an arbitrarily large amount,
over an arbitrarily wide range of frequencies, and can do so without the use of
squeezed vacuum or any auxiliary filter cavities at the interferometer's input
or output. However, {\it in practice}, to reach or beat the SQL, this specific
speed meter requires exorbitantly high input light power. The physical reason
for this is explored, along with other issues such as constraints on
performance due to optical dissipation. This analysis forms a foundation for
ongoing attempts to develop a more practical variant of an interferometric
speed meter and to combine the speed meter concept with other ideas to yield a
promising LIGO-III/EURO interferometer design that entails low laser power.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures; corrected formula and some values describing
power requirement
A Variational Approach to Bound States in Quantum Field Theory
We consider here in a toy model an approach to bound state problem in a
nonperturbative manner using equal time algebra for the interacting field
operators. Potential is replaced by offshell bosonic quanta inside the bound
state of nonrelativistic particles. The bosonic dressing is determined through
energy minimisation, and mass renormalisation is carried out in a
nonperturbative manner. Since the interaction is through a scalar field, it
does not include spin effects. The model however nicely incorporates an
intuitive picture of hadronic bound states in which the gluon fields dress the
quarks providing the binding between them and also simulate the gluonic content
of hadrons in deep inelastic collisions.Comment: latex, revtex, 22 page
Simple approach to include external resistances in the Monte Carlo simulation of MESFETs and HEMTs
The contact and external series resistances play an important role in the performance of modern 0.1-0.2 ÎŒm HEMT's. It is not possible to include these resistances directly into the Monte Carlo simulations. Here we describe a simple and efficient way to include the external series resistances into the Monte Carlo results of the intrinsic device simulations. Examples of simulation results are given for a 0.2 ÎŒm pseudomorphic HEMT
Strain engineered In<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>As channel pHEMTs on virtual substrates: a simulation study
The impact of In<sub>x</sub>Al<sub>1-x</sub>As strain control buffers on the performance of low In content InGaAs channel pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor p(HEMT) is investigated. It is shown that relaxed and tensile strained channel devices outperform the conventional compressively strained channel devices. It is argued that strain engineering in GaAs based devices makes it possible to realise RF characteristics comparable to InP based pHEMTs while obtaining improved breakdown characteristics
RF performance of strained Si MODFETs and MOSFETs on "virtual" SiGe substrates: A Monte Carlo study
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Compositional End Members in Gale Crater, Mars
Geochemical data returned from the Mars Science Laboratoryâs Curiosity rover over 1296 sols, has revealed a previously unforeseen martian geochemical complexity. Before Curiosity landed in Gale Crater, Martian SNC meteorite studies along with previous orbiter, rover and lander data showed Mars as being a predominantly basaltic planet with little magmatic differentiation. But through using ChemCam density contour plots to collate compositional data obtained by that instrument, we can identify 4 compositional end members in Gale sedimentary and igneous samples
Numerical study of a multiscale expansion of the Korteweg de Vries equation and Painlev\'e-II equation
The Cauchy problem for the Korteweg de Vries (KdV) equation with small
dispersion of order \e^2, \e\ll 1, is characterized by the appearance of a
zone of rapid modulated oscillations. These oscillations are approximately
described by the elliptic solution of KdV where the amplitude, wave-number and
frequency are not constant but evolve according to the Whitham equations.
Whereas the difference between the KdV and the asymptotic solution decreases as
in the interior of the Whitham oscillatory zone, it is known to be
only of order near the leading edge of this zone. To obtain a
more accurate description near the leading edge of the oscillatory zone we
present a multiscale expansion of the solution of KdV in terms of the
Hastings-McLeod solution of the Painlev\'e-II equation. We show numerically
that the resulting multiscale solution approximates the KdV solution, in the
small dispersion limit, to the order .Comment: 20 pages, 14 figure
Non-adiabatic level crossing in (non-) resonant neutrino oscillations
We study neutrino oscillations and the level-crossing probability
P_{LZ}=\exp(-\gamma_n\F_n\pi/2) in power-law like potential profiles
. After showing that the resonance point coincides only for a
linear profile with the point of maximal violation of adiabaticity, we point
out that the ``adiabaticity'' parameter can be calculated at an
arbitrary point if the correction function \F_n is rescaled appropriately. We
present a new representation for the level-crossing probability,
P_{LZ}=\exp(-\kappa_n\G_n), which allows a simple numerical evaluation of
in both the resonant and non-resonant cases and where \G_n contains
the full dependence of on the mixing angle . As an application
we consider the case important for oscillations of supernova neutrinos.Comment: 4 pages, revtex, 3 eps figure
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