38 research outputs found
Unwrapping Closed Timelike Curves
Closed timelike curves (CTCs) appear in many solutions of the Einstein
equation, even with reasonable matter sources. These solutions appear to
violate causality and so are considered problematic. Since CTCs reflect the
global properties of a spacetime, one can attempt to change its topology,
without changing its geometry, in such a way that the former CTCs are no longer
closed in the new spacetime. This procedure is informally known as unwrapping.
However, changes in global identifications tend to lead to local effects, and
unwrapping is no exception, as it introduces a special kind of singularity,
called quasi-regular. This "unwrapping" singularity is similar to the string
singularities. We give two examples of unwrapping of essentially 2+1
dimensional spacetimes with CTCs, the Gott spacetime and the Godel universe. We
show that the unwrapped Gott spacetime, while singular, is at least devoid of
CTCs. In contrast, the unwrapped Godel spacetime still contains CTCs through
every point. A "multiple unwrapping" procedure is devised to remove the
remaining circular CTCs. We conclude that, based on the two spacetimes we
investigated, CTCs appearing in the solutions of the Einstein equation are not
simply a mathematical artifact of coordinate identifications, but are indeed a
necessary consequence of General Relativity, provided only that we demand these
solutions do not possess naked quasi-regular singularities.Comment: 29 pages, 9 figure
Contributions of common genetic variants to risk of schizophrenia among individuals of African and Latino ancestry
Schizophrenia is a common, chronic and debilitating neuropsychiatric syndrome affecting tens of millions of individuals worldwide. While rare genetic variants play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia, most of the currently explained liability is within common variation, suggesting that variation predating the human diaspora out of Africa harbors a large fraction of the common variant attributable heritability. However, common variant association studies in schizophrenia have concentrated mainly on cohorts of European descent. We describe genome-wide association studies of 6152 cases and 3918 controls of admixed African ancestry, and of 1234 cases and 3090 controls of Latino ancestry, representing the largest such study in these populations to date. Combining results from the samples with African ancestry with summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) study of schizophrenia yielded seven newly genome-wide significant loci, and we identified an additional eight loci by incorporating the results from samples with Latino ancestry. Leveraging population differences in patterns of linkage disequilibrium, we achieve improved fine-mapping resolution at 22 previously reported and 4 newly significant loci. Polygenic risk score profiling revealed improved prediction based on trans-ancestry meta-analysis results for admixed African (Nagelkerkeâs R2 = 0.032; liability R2 = 0.017; P < 10â52), Latino (Nagelkerkeâs R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.021; P < 10â58), and European individuals (Nagelkerkeâs R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.037; P < 10â113), further highlighting the advantages of incorporating data from diverse human populations
The regulation of CD11b integrin levels on human blood leukocytes and leukotriene B4-stimulated skin by a specific leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist (LY293111)
Contains fulltext :
25076___.PDF (publisher's version ) (Open Access
Synthesis and characterisation of some new boron compounds containing the 2,4,6-(CFâ)âCâHâ(fluoromes = Ar), 2,6-(CFâ)âCâHâ (fluoroxyl = Ar '), or 2,4-(CFâ)âCâHâ (Ar '') ligands
Several new boron compounds containing the 2,4,6-(CF3)(3)C6H2 (fluoromes=Ar), 2,6-(CF3)(2)C6H3 (fluoroxyl=Ar') or 2,4-(CF3)(2)C6H3(Ar") ligands have been synthesised from reactions of ArLi, Ar'Li or Ar"Li with BCl3, and characterised by F-19 and B-11 NMR spectroscopy. Chlorine/fluorine exchanges are evident in these reactions. The crystal and molecular structures of Ar2BF, Ar"B-3, Ar2B(OH), Ar'B(OH)(2) and Mes(2)BF (Mes=2,4,6-Me3C6H2)have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Ar"B-3 represents the first example of a compound containing three Ar" ligands to be structurally characterised. Molecular geometries and GIAO-NMR shifts for several new boron compounds have been calculated at the HF/6-31G* level of theory, and compared with the available experimental results
Recommended from our members
Assessment of cognition in advanced AD: The test for severe impairment
Article abstract The Test for Severe Impairment (TSI) was compared with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and a modified MMSE (mMMSE) in a multisite, longitudinal study of AD. The TSI correlated highly with the MMSE ( r = 0.83) and the mMMSE ( r = 0.82), but was not redundant. There was a wide range of scores on the TSI among those scoring in the severely impaired range on the MMSE and mMMSE. The slope of cognitive change over time detected by the TSI was greater than that revealed by the MMSE or the mMMSE. Performance on the TSI was a significant predictor of survival. The TSI is a valid measure that is sensitive to cognitive change over time in severely demented patients with AD