Effect of DLC Coating on Tribological Behavior of Cylinder Liner-piston Ring Material Combination When Lubricated with Jatropha Oil

AbstractThe expansion of modern engines would have been unfeasible without advanced lubricant chemistry and proper lubricant formulation. Introduction of diamond like carbon (DLC) coatings opens further possibilities in improving performance of engine and transmission components, which cannot longer be achieved only by lubricant design.DLC coatings show extremely good promise for a number of applications in automotive components as they exhibit excellent tribological properties. In this paper, the tribological performance of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C: H)DLC coating with Jatropha oil was evaluated using a four ball Tribometer also with commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 40) used as base lubricant. Experimental results demonstrated that the hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C: H)DLC coating exhibited better performance with Jatropha oil in terms of wear and friction under similar operating conditions compared to the uncoated stainless. Thus, usage of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C: H)DLC coating with Jatropha oil in the long run may have a positive impact on engine life

Impact of palm, mustard, waste cooking oil and Calophyllum inophyllum biofuels on performance and emission of CI engine

Present energy situation of the world is unsustainable due to unequal geographical distribution of natural wealth as well as environmental, geopolitical and economical concerns. Ever increasing drift of energy consumption due to growth of population, transportation and luxurious lifestyle has motivated researchers to carry out research on biofuels as a sustainable alternative fuel for diesel engine. Renewability, cost effectiveness and reduction of pollutants in exhaust gas emission are promoting biofuels as a suitable substitute of diesel fuel in near future. This paper reviews the suitability of feedstock and comparative performance and emission of palm, mustard, waste cooking oil (WCO) and Calophyllum inophyllum biofuels with respect to diesel fuel from various recent publications. Probable analysis of performance and emission of biofuel is also included in further discussion. Palm oil has versatile qualities in terms of productivity, oil yield and land utilization. But tremendous demand of edible oil is motivating the use of non-edible vegetable oils as biofuel feedstock. Mustard oil is a promising new biofuel especially regarding NO_x reduction. WCO is one of the most economic sources of biofuel which efficiently helps in liquid waste management and prevents recycling of used oil, injurious to human health. C inophyllum is completely non-edible and trans-esterified oil shows similar engine performance and emission characteristics like other biofuels. Limited data were published regarding mustard and C inophyllum as their use as biofuel is still in primary state compared to palm or WCO. Therefore, in depth research needs to be carried out on these two oils to use them effectively as alternative fuels

Comparative evaluation of the blends of gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuels and biodiesels with diesel at high idling conditions: An in-depth analysis on engine performance and environment pollutants

This study focuses on the physicochemical fuel characteristics and engine performance-emission features of three prospective alternative transportation fuels: Alexandrian laurel biodiesel (ALBD), jatropha biodiesel (JBD) and GTL fuel at high idling conditions. The blends of GTL fuel (G10, G20), JBD (J10, J20) and ALBD (AL10, AL20) with diesel had been investigated in a multi-cylinder diesel engine at different load-speed conditions. Analysis of the fuel properties showed a linear variation of the major fuel properties with an increase of alternative fuel quantity in the blends. Engine performance test results revealed an average decrease of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) (ca. 8.65–12.26%) and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) (ca. 8.27–11.51%), but a higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) (ca. 8.56–12.58%) by GTL blends, whereas, the biodiesel blends showed higher BSFC (ca. 5.01–12.18%) and BSEC (ca. 3.41–9.67%) and lower BTE (ca. 3.68–9.93%), respectively, than those of diesel. Referring to the emission analysis, the results revealed that GTL blends showed a slight reduction in NO_x (ca. 3.89–6.85%), but a significant reduction in CO (ca. 48.25–51.38%), HC (ca. 44.81–51.43%) and smoke (ca. 15.21–18.78%), respectively, when compared to diesel. The biodiesel blends demonstrated reduced CO (on average ca. 29.12–33.71%), HC (ca. 29.67–35.46%) and smoke (ca. 2.49–6.87%), but increased NO_x (on average ca. 2.83–9.81%), respectively, than those of diesel

Production of palm and jatropha based biodiesel and investigation of palm-jatropha combined blend properties, performance, exhaust emission and noise in an unmodified diesel engine

An ever increasing drift of energy consumption, unequal geographical distribution of natural wealth and the quest for low carbon fuel for a cleaner environment are sparking off the production and use of biodiesels in many countries around the globe. In this work, palm biodiesel and jatropha biodiesel were produced from the respective crude vegetable oils through transesterification, and the different physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesels have been presented, and found to be acceptable according to the ASTM standard of biodiesel specification. This paper presents experimental results of the research carried out to evaluate the BSFC, engine power, exhaust and noise emission characteristics of a combined palm and jatropha blend in a single-cylinder diesel engine at different engine speeds ranging from 1400 to 2200 rpm. Though the PBJB5 and PBJB10 biodiesels showed a slightly higher BSFC than diesel fuel, all the measured emission parameters and noise emission were significantly reduced, except for NO emission. CO emissions for PBJB5 and PBJB10 were 9.53% and 20.49% lower than for diesel fuel. By contrast, HC emissions for PBJB5 and PBJB10 were 3.69% and 7.81% lower than for diesel fuel. The sound levels produced by PBJB5 and PBJB10 were also reduced by 2.5% and 5% compared with diesel fuel due to their lubricity and damping characteristics

The effect of additives on properties, performance and emission of biodiesel fuelled compression ignition engine

With growing concern over greenhouse gases there is increasing emphasis on reducing CO₂ emissions. Despite engine efficiency improvements plus increased dieselization of the fleet, increasing vehicle numbers results in increasing CO₂ emissions. To reserve this trend the fuel source must be changed to renewable fuels which are CO₂ neutral. As a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel for compression ignition engines, biodiesel is widely accepted as comparable fuel to diesel in diesel engines. This is due to several factors like decreasing the dependence on imported petroleum, reducing global warming, increasing lubricity, and reducing substantially the exhaust emissions from diesel engine. However, there is a major disadvantage in the use of biodiesel as it has lower heating value, higher density and higher viscosity, higher fuel consumption and higher NO_x emission, which limits its application. Here fuel additives become essential and indispensable tools not only to minimize these drawbacks but also generate specified products to meet the regional and international standards. Fuel additives can contribute towards fuel economy and emission reduction either directly or indirectly. Their use enable vehicle performance to be maintained at, or near, optimum over the lifetime of the vehicle. A variety of additives are used in automotive biodiesel fuel to meet specification limits and to enhance quality. For example, metal based additives, oxygenated additives, antioxidants, cetane number improvers, lubricity improvers and cold flow improvers are used to meet specifications and quality. This article is a literature review of the effect of various additives on biodiesel properties, engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics and the corresponding effect factors were surveyed and analyzed in detail. The review concludes that the use of additive in biodiesel fuel is inalienable both for improving properties and for better engine performance and emission control. Therefore, in order to find the appropriate fuel additives in the combustion applications, more experiments are needed to explore the different related mechanisms

Performance and emission analysis of Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera methyl ester fuel blends in a multi-cylinder diesel engine

Research on alternative fuels is increasing due to environmental concerns and diminishing fossil fuel reserves. Biodiesel is one of the best renewable replacements for petroleum-based fuels. This paper examines the potential of biodiesel obtained from Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera oils. The physico-chemical properties of J. curcas and M. oleifera methyl esters were presented, and their 10% by volume blends (JB10 and MB10) were compared with diesel fuel (B0). The performance of these fuels and their emissions were assessed in a fully loaded multi-cylinder diesel engine at various engine speeds. The properties of J. curcas and M. oleifera biodiesels and their blends agreed with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Engine performance test results indicated that the JB10 and the MB10 fuels produced slightly lower brake powers and higher brake specific fuel consumption values compared to diesel fuel over the entire range of speeds. Engine emission results indicated that the JB10 and MB10 fuels reduced the average emissions of carbon monoxide by 14 and 11%, respectively; and hydrocarbons by 16 and 12%, respectively. However, the JB10 and MB10 fuels slightly increased nitrous oxides emissions by 7 and 9%, respectively, and carbon dioxide by 7 and 5%, respectively compared to B0. In conclusion, J. curcas and M. oleifera are potential feedstock for biodiesel production, and the JB10 and MB10 blends can replace diesel fuel without modifying engines to produce cleaner exhaust emissions

Experimental investigation of palm-jatropha combined blend properties, performance, exhaust emission and noise in an unmodified diesel engine

Ever increasing drift of energy consumption, unequal geographical distribution of natural wealth and the quest of low carbon fuel for cleaner environment are sparking off the production and use of biodiesels in many countries around the globe. In this work, different physicochemical property of palm and jatropha combined biodiesels have been presented which is acceptable according to ASTM standard of biodiesel specification. This paper presents experimental results of the research carried out to evaluate brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), engine power, exhaust and noise emission characteristics of palm and jatropha combined blends in a single cylinder diesel engine at different engine speed ranged from 1400 to 2200 rpm. Though PBJB5 and PBJB10 biodiesels showed slightly higher BSFC compared to diesel fuel but all measured emission parameters and noise emission were significantly reduced, except for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. Carbon-monoxide (CO) emission for PBJB5 and PBJB10 were reduced 9.53% and 20.49% compared to diesel fuel. On the contrary, hydrocarbon (HC) emission for PBJB5 and PBJB10 were reduced 3.69% and 7.81% compared to diesel fuel. Produced sound levels of PBJB5 and PBJB10 were also reduced 2.5% and 5% compared to diesel fuel

An experimental investigation of biodiesel production, characterization, engine performance, emission and noise of Brassica juncea methyl ester and its blends

Diminishing fossil fuel reserves and environmental concerns have stimulated research into biofuels as potential renewable and sustainable replacements for fossil diesel. The present research aimed to investigate the feasibility of using mustard biodiesel blends for energy generation in order to reduce air and noise pollution. Mustard biodiesel (MB) was produced from waste mustard oil and the physicochemical properties were investigated. MB showed a superior calorific value (40.40 MJ/kg), oxidation stability (16 h), cloud point (5 degrees C) and pour point (-18 degrees C) than any other conventional biodiesel. During engine performance tests, 10% and 20% MB blends showed 8-13% higher brake specific fuel consumption and 7-8% less brake power compared to diesel fuel. Engine emissions and noise tests showed 9-12% higher NO, 24-42% lower HC, 19-40% lower CO and 2-7% lower noise emission for MB blends compared to diesel fuel. Additionally, comparable engine performance and emission characteristics were found for 10% and 20% MB blends compared to same percentages of palm biodiesels, respectively. In conclusion, 10% and 20% MB blends can be used in diesel engines without modifications

Production of biodiesel from a non-edible source and study of its combustion, and emission characteristics: A comparative study with B5

This investigation deals with the production of Alexandrian laurel (Calophyllum inophyllum) biodiesel (ALB) and study of the effects of its fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) compositions and physicochemical properties on the engine performance, combustion, and emissions. The experiment had been conducted in a four cylinder turbocharged diesel engine under varying speeds and full loading condition. 10% (ALB10) and 20% (ALB20) blends of Alexandrian laurel biodiesel along with the Diesel and B5 fuel (95% diesel and 5% palm biodiesel) were used for this experiment. ALB consisted of 31.6% saturated and 68.4% unsaturated FAME. Longer chain fatty acids and 10.9% oxygen content of ALB greatly influenced the engine combustion and emission characteristics. Brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) was found on average 6%-20% higher for B5, ALB10, and ALB20 blends compared to diesel fuel. It was observed that ALB operation shortened the ignition delay period, increased the mass fraction burnt (MFB), and reduced the pick cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR) and combustion duration. CO and HC emissions were decreased significantly while operating on B5, ALB10, and ALB20 blends compared to diesel fuel. ALB blends produced on average, 2.5%-3% higher NO_x emissions with respect to diesel fuel

Impact of oxygenated additives to palm and jatropha biodiesel blends in the context of performance and emissions characteristics of a light-duty diesel engine

In recent years, palm and jatropha biodiesels have been considered as potential renewable energy sources in Malaysia. Therefore, this experimental investigation was conducted to improve the blend of these two biodiesels (20% biodiesel blend, named P20 and J20, respectively) with the help of oxygenated additives. The comparative improvement of P20 and J20 blends with ethanol, n-butanol, or diethyl ether as additives was evaluated in terms of performance and emissions characteristics of a four-stroke single cylinder diesel engine. The final blend consisted of 80% diesel, 15% biodiesel, and 5% additive. Tests were conducted at different speeds (1200-2400 rpm) at constant full load conditions. Use of additives significantly improved brake power and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). Compared with P20 blend, the use of diethyl ether as additive increased brake power and BTE by about 4.10% and 4.4%, respectively, at 2200 rpm. A similar improvement was observed for J20. The other two additives also improved performance. Although HC emission increased slightly, all blends with additives reduced more NO_x and CO emissions than P20 and J20 almost throughout the entire engine test. The use of ethanol as additive reduced CO emission by up to 40%, while the use of diethyl ether as additive reduced NO_x emissions by up to 13%. The additives' oxygen content, volatility, and latent evaporation heat controlled the emissions characteristics of the blends. An analysis of the combustion chamber pressure, temperature and heat release rate of the modified blends revealed interesting features of combustion mechanism, which are indicative of the performance and emissions characteristics. This experiment reveals the potential improvement of palm and jatropha biodiesel blends with the addition of three promising additives