Evaluation of the chlorpromazine effect on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in male rats

زمینه و هدف: در تحقیقات اخیر به افزایش سطح دوپامین در مغز موش های مبتلا به آنسفالومیلیت خود ایمن تجربی (EAE) اشاره شده است. همچنین مشخص شده است که دوپامین می تواند عملکرد سلول های ایمنی را تنظیم کند. در این مطالعه اثرات درمانی کلرپرومازین به عنوان یک آنتاگونیست دوپامین بر روند EAE (مدل حیوانی بیماری ام اس) بررسی شد، همچنین پاسخ های لنفوسیت های T کمکی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی، آنسفالومیلیت خود ایمن تجربی توسط نخاع هموژنیزه شده خوکچه هندی و ادجوانت کامل فروند در موش های صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار القاء شد. حیوانات در دو گروه 7 سری قرار گرفتند. درمان با کلرپرومازین (10 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم- روزانه و به صورت داخل صفاقی) از زمان بروز علائم ناتوانی در گروه درمانی (روز 12) آغاز گشت. گروه کنترل تنها حلال دارو (آب مقطر) را با همان برنامه دریافت نمودند. علائم بالینی تا زمان کشتار موش ها یعنی روز 36 روزانه ثبت گردید. میزان تکثیر به وسیله آزمون MTT و میزان تولید سیتوکین ‌ها به وسیله ELISA در سلول ‌های طحالی سنجیده شد. یافته ها: تجویز کلرپرومازین پس از بروز علائم به طور معنی داری موجب تخفیف شدت علائم بالینی گشت. همچنین کلرپرومازین موجب کاهش معنی دار (01/0P<) تولید سیتوکین پیش التهابی 17-IL همزمان با افزایش سطح سیتوکین ضد التهابی IL-10 (05/0P<) در موش های صحرایی گروه درمان نسبت به گروه شاهد شد. از سوی دیگر، شدت تکثیر لنفوسیتی نیز در موش های صحرایی گروه تیمار نسبت به گروه شاهد کاهش معنی داری (05/0>P) یافت. نتیجه گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد کلرپرومازین می تواند سیتوکین های التهابی را کاهش داده و بیماری ام اس را کنترل کند

Study on the changes of some physiological factors during osmoregulation of juvenile Persian sturgeons (Acipenser persicus)

Experimental trials of acclimatization of juvenile Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus to different salinites of 0,5,10, 15ppt were studied. The juvenile Persian sturgeons in three weight classes (1.5, 3, 5g) have been transfered from freshwater to different concentrations of saline water. Na+, k+, Cl- concentrations of blood serum and the changes in the number and size of chloride cells were measured. Na+ concentration showed an imperceptible trend and K+ concentration had a decreasing one size of changed chloride cells in different salinities were 8.6-13±0.3 μm and their numbers were (25-65±3) in 5 pairs of fillaments. The results revealed that salinity tolerance was increased with the fish size. According to this study, there is a direct relation between the number and size of chloide cells and salinities and time exposure

Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Combination on the Yield and Active Ingredient of Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

This study was designed to optimize the use of organic and chemical fertilizer combinations in the production of red pepper to reduce costs and avoid environmental pollution. Therefore, the effect of 12 different treatments of animal and chemical fertilizers was studied in a randomized complete block design on yield and active ingredient (Capsaicin) red pepper. Variance analysis of the data indicated significant differences at 1% level among the different treatments. Mean comparisons with Duncan's test at 1%, revealed that the maximum yields with averages of 7.6, 7.3 and 7.2 ton.ha-1 were obtained in the treatment numbers of 10 (Organic, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. 20 ton.ha-1, 60, 50 and 50 kg.ha-1), 12 (Organic, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively, 40 ton.ha-1, 20, 16 and 16 kg.ha-1), and 8 (40 ton.ha-1 of organic fertilizer) respectively. Variance analysis of active ingredient percentage showed significant differences at the 5% level. Highest active ingredient with average 0.1747% was obtained in treatment of number 3 (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively 150, 100 and 100 kg.ha-1). In general it can be concluded that yield could be increased by using a proper combination of organic and chemical fertilizers

The Effect of SBS Polymer on the Dynamic Properties of Asphalt

Polymer application for the improvement and modification of the bitumen used in roads surfaces has expanded in recent decades. The roads engineers and constructors, therefore, have used the modified bitumen in asphalts helping in this way to increase roads and pavements service life and improving the durability of the roads and asphalts. The bitumen used in asphalt mixture constitutes only a low percentage of the weight of this mixture (between 4% and 6%), but even this small amount has a significant effect on asphalt performance. The polymers that are mostly used in promoting the bitumen specifications are polymer modifiers including: styrenebutadiene- styrene (SBS), as well as similar polymers such as styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR), ethylene-vinylacetate (EVA) and polyethylene (PE). Polymers as the most important family of bitumen modifiers are added to bitumen to improve bitumen performance and to increase its effectiveness. Among the existing polymers, SBS is considered as the best bitumen modifier. In this research, SBS as one of the elastomer-thermoplast modifiers was added in different weights (2%-5%) to bitumen 60/70 in Isfahan Refinery and its effect on asphalt properties were investigated. Adding this polymer to bitumen improves the Marshall stability of sample asphalt, flow, module of rupture and asphalt content voids. However, it has a minor effect on asphalt special weight. Adding SBS would also lead to asphalt fatigue life

Effect of Polymer on Bitumen Properties and its Performance Grade

With respect to the physical and mechanical limited qualities of bitumen, it benefits from certain specificability in application and its life service. Polymers as the most important modifiers of bitumen are applied to it in order to improve its functional efficiency. Among various polymers, styrene-butadiene- styrene (SBS) is the best modifier of the bitumen. In this work, SBS polymer as one of the modifiers of elastomeric thermoplastics with different weight percentages (2% to 5%) have been mixed with bitumen (60/70) of Isfahan Refinary and its effect on different properties of the bitumen for example penetration index, softening point, Frass breaking point and reduction in weight perecentagehas been studied. Furthermore, in this paper, the modified bitumen property on performance grade is the preferred category. Classification of modified bitumen based on performance grade makes it possible to provide perfect bitumen pattern in different climates

Effects of fasting on metabolic and immunological responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to a further acute stress

Common carp were fasted for 0, 3 and 14 days prior to exposure to a 2-hr crowding stress. Serum cortisol, glucose, lactate, T4, T3 , serum alternative complement (ACH50), lysozyme, total immunoglobulin (Ig) and blood WBC were determined before and 0, 6 and 24 hr after the crowding stress. Three days of fasting led to a significant decrease in serum levels of lactate and thyroid hormones. Fourteen days of fasting led to initiation of physiological process to maintain serum glucose by increase in serum cortisol level and lactate utilization. These fish had lower levels of thyroid hormones suggesting suppression of basal metabolism. The fish also had lower WBC and serum lysozyme and total Ig levels indicating immunosuppression. After the crowding stress, the fish fasted for 3 days had significantly lower lactate, thyroid hormones and total Ig levels. The fish fasted for 14 days had higher cortisol but lower glucose and thyroid hormones levels suggesting impairment in metabolic responses to the crowding stress. Immunological and health indicators including WBC, and ACH50, lysozyme and total Ig of these fish were significantly lower than the other groups after the crowding stress. Overall, the results show that a 14-day fasting leads to stress responses, reduction in metabolism and immunosuppression. Moreover, 14 days of fasting lead to greater cortisol response to a further crowding stress, which induces marked immunosuppression and fallen welfare. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Lt

Treatment Of Low-Strength Industrial Wastewater Using Anaerobic Baffled Reactor

The performance of an anaerobic baffled reactor at the pilot scale, with a 100-L volume and six compartments, that is used to treat low-strength industrial wastewater (671.5±49.9 mg COD/L, 350.1±36.8 mg BOD5/L and 443.8±60.7 mg SO4-2/L) was studied. The reactor was started with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 25 h at 35 ºC, which was gradually reduced to 3.33 h. The best reactor performance was observed with an organic loading rate (OLR) and a sulfate loading rate (SLR) of 4.45 g COD/L.d and 3.32 g SO4-2/L.d, which was obtained at a HRT of 4 h. The COD and SO4-2 removal efficiencies were 78.6% and 89.2%, respectively. Additionally, the majority of the COD and SO4-2 removal occurred in the first compartment, up to 51.2% and 69.1%, respectively. Moreover, the pH in the first compartment was also the lowest. Subsequently, when the temperature was reduced to 20 ºC at a HRT of 4 h, the maximum removal efficiencies for COD and SO4-2 decreased to 59.4% and 66.1%, respectively. In this case, the highest COD and SO4-2 removal efficiencies were observed in the third and fourth compartments, respectively, and these compartments had lower pH values. This phenomenon indicates that decrease in temperature causes transference of the acidogenic phase toward subsequent reactor compartments. In addition, these findings further show the potential for sulfate removal of the acidogenic phas

Phytochemical Profile and Mosquito Larvicidal Activity of the Essential Oil from Aerial Parts of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge Against Malaria and Lymphatic Filariasis Vectors

Mosquitoes play an important role in transmission of large number of diseases including malaria, filariasis and arboviral diseases. Increasing application of synthetic insecticides may be resulted in resistant to insecticides. Furthermore, it may have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Currently, one of the most effective alternative approaches under the biological control programs is using of natural larvicidal agents derived from plants. The larvicidal properties of essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of an indigenous plant, Satureja bachtiarica was evaluated against two mosquito vector, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. In addition, the analysis of essential oil was investigated by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forty-one compounds, representing 98.42% of the essential oils have been identified. The main constituents were carvacrol (22.66%), p-cymene (15.89%), borneol (14.05 %), 1,8-cineole (10.45%) and thymol (7.27%). Five different concentrations of essential oil were evaluated against the late 3rd and early 4th instars larvae of An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The LC50 and LC90 values against An. stephensi larvae were 24.27 and 54.24 ppm and for Cx. quinquefasciatus were 44.96 and 114.45 ppm after 24 hours of exposure, respectively. In conclusion, results of study clearly indicated that the essential oils of S. bachtiarica possessed remarkable larvicidal properties and could serve as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for control of mosquito larvae

Effects of dietary thyme essential oil and prebiotic administration on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) welfare and performance

The aim of this study was to examine the combined effects of thyme essential oil (TEO) and prebiotic (Immunogen ®) on growth performance, hematological parameters, innate immunity, and oxidative status of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this purpose, the fish (11.92 ± 0.06 g) were fed (3% of biomass) experimental diets that contained 0 (Control; without Immunogen and/or TEO); 1% TEO + 0.1% Immunogen (T1); 1% TEO + 0.2% Immunogen (T2); 2% TEO + 0.1% Immunogen (T3) and 2% TEO + 0.2% Immunogen (T4) for 60 days. According to results, all experimental treatments exhibited similar final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR), which were significantly higher than those of the control treatment. Although all treatments reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group, the lowest value was observed in T4. All experimental treatments showed a significant increase in amylase and protease activity compared to the control group. Moreover, the fish fed on T4 and T1 diets showed the highest and lowest lipase activity. Dietary TEO and Immunogen supplementations significantly increased WBC count and Hb level compared to the control group. Fish fed on control and T2 diets displayed lower hematocrit than fish fed on other experimental diets. The highest and lowest MCH index were recorded in T3 and control groups, respectively. The fish fed diets supplemented with T3 diet presented significantly higher MCV index compared to the control and T2 treatment. All experimental treatments exhibited similar AST, and ALP activities, which were significantly lower than those of the control group. Also, the lowest ALT activity was observed in T2 and T4 treatments compared to other groups. Dietary TEO and Immunogen supplementations significantly enhanced skin mucus total Ig, total protein level, and ACH50, protease, and lysozyme. All experimental treatments exhibited enhanced intestine total Ig, ACH50, and lysozyme level. Dietary thyme essential oil and Immunogen supplementations significantly enhanced liver antioxidant parameters including catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased MDA production compared to fish fed on control diet. As a result, it can be suggested that the combination of thyme essential oil and Immunogen (specially 2% TEO + 0.2% Immunogen) is useful for enhancing the yield and well-being of farmed rainbow trout. © 2021 Elsevier Lt