Formal Approach to Research Units Location

The formal description of the effective location of research units is given here. It is proposed for the examination of different location variations

Experimental study of antiangiogenic and photodynamic therapies combination for treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis: preliminary results

Aim: To create adequate orthotopic model of peritoneal carcinomatosis in rats using a transplantable rat tumor M-1 sarcoma, to assess the early tumor response after intraperitoneal photodynamic and/or antiangiogenic therapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis. Methods: In 14–18 days after intraperitoneal inoculation, eighteen tumor-bearing animals were divided into three groups and undergone intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy and/or antiangiogenic therapy. Assessment of the tumor posttreatment changes was performed using a method of vital staining with Evans blue, MRI-monitoring and morphologic investigation. Results: Percentage of necrosis in disseminated tumors of animals undergone combination therapy significantly higher then after each of the methods alone and achieved 89.46% vs 41.47% after antiangiogenic therapy and 69.73% after photodynamic therapy. Contrast-enhanced MRI showed entirely necrotic tumor nodes in rats undergone the combination therapy. Morphologic study confirmed that tumor response after combination therapy was characterized by maximal spread of necrotic and inflammatory changes in tumor. Conclusion: Preliminary results demonstrate enhance of the treatment outcome after combination of antiangiogenic and intraperitoneal photodynamic therapies for peritoneal carcinomatosis in rats

Photodynamic efficacy of topical application of chlorin e6 — polyvinyl pyrrolidone complex in tumor-bearing rats

Aim: To evaluate the antitumor efficacy of photodynamic therapy with ointment form of chlorin e6 — polyvinyl pyrrolidone complex. Methods: 2 or 5% chlorin e6 ointment was applied on the surface of rat SM-1 tumor for 15 min — 5 h, and then tumors were scored for photosensitizer accumulation and tissue damage induced by laser irradiation. Results: Selectivity of chlorin e6 accumulation in tumor tissues considerably increases when photosensitizer was applied topically compared with intravenous administration. Antitumor efficacy of photodynamic therapy using topical application of chlorin e6 — polyvinyl pyrrolidone complex is just as high as upon intravenous administration of the preparation. Conclusion: The level of tissue accumulation of chlorin e6 — polyvinyl pyrrolidone complex administered in ointment form allows to carry out fluorescence diagnosis and PDT of superficially localized malignant tumors.Цель: исследовать противоопухолевую эффективность фотодинамической терапии с аппликационной формой комплекса хлорин е6 — поливинилпирролидон. Методы: мазь, содержащую 2 или 5% хлорина е6, наносили на поверхность опухоли Са М-1 крыс на 15 мин–5 ч, а затем определяли накопление фотосенсибилизатора и повреждение опухоли лазерным излучением. Результаты: при местном введении фотосенсибилизатора избирательность накопления хлорина е6 в опухолевых тканях значительно возрастала, по сравнению с внутривенным введением. По противоопухолевой эффективности фотодинамической терапии местное применение комплекса хлорин е6 — поливинилпирролидон не уступало внутривенному введению препарата. Выводы: уровень накопления фотосенсибилизатора в тканях крыс при использовании мазевой формы комплекса хлорин е6 — поливинилпирролидон позволяет проводить как флуоресцентную диагностику, так и фотодинамическую терапию поверхностно расположенных злокачественных опухолей

Radio Pulsars

Almost 50 years after radio pulsars were discovered in 1967, our understanding of these objects remains incomplete. On the one hand, within a few years it became clear that neutron star rotation gives rise to the extremely stable sequence of radio pulses, that the kinetic energy of rotation provides the reservoir of energy, and that electromagnetic fields are the braking mechanism. On the other hand, no consensus regarding the mechanism of coherent radio emission or the conversion of electromagnetic energy to particle energy yet exists. In this review, we report on three aspects of pulsar structure that have seen recent progress: the self-consistent theory of the magnetosphere of an oblique magnetic rotator; the location, geometry, and optics of radio emission; and evolution of the angle between spin and magnetic axes. These allow us to take the next step in understanding the physical nature of the pulsar activity.Comment: Invited review for Space Science Review