Mechanisms of fertility disorders in obese women

Obesity is a common problem among women of reproductive age. Overweight is known to negatively affect a woman’s fertility. So, women of reproductive age who are obese may experience menstrual irregularities, endometrial pathology and, ultimately, infertility. The pathogenetic mechanisms of reproductive dysfunction in obesity remain actively studied issues. It was established that leptin synthesized by adipose tissue inhibits granulosis, cell steroidogenesis and interferes with the ovulation process, which can directly affect reproductive function. Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, which accompany obesity in women, can contribute to menstrual irregularities, ovulation and, ultimately, fertility. Obesity is also characterized by a state of «relative functional hyperandrogenism», which can affect ovarian function, contributing to the development of infertility. Moreover, obesity is characterized by a state of hyposomatotropinism, which can affect fertility, through changes in ovarian and endometrial function. Weight loss is most likely able to restore fertility in most cases, but there are no practical guidelines that would help the clinician choose the best method to reduce body weight from increased physical activity, dietary restrictions, drug therapy and bariatric surgery

Score twice before you cut once: a clinical case of reconstructive bariatric surgery after obesity surgery in a patient with postoperative hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism

Hundreds of thousands of bariatric surgeries are performed worldwide every year. Th ey have long been proven to be safe and eff ective in treating obesity and type 2 diabetes. Along with an unconditional positive eff ect, these interventions, especially shunting ones, are characterized by specifi c complications. In the absence of proper correction, they can become fatal for patients. One of these complications is malabsorption leading to a defi ciency of vitamins and microelements, which in most cases, is amenable to timely correction in the postoperative period. However, there are situations when it is not possible to carry out an eff ective correction and it becomes necessary to perform reconstructive interventions with the reverse inclusion of the small intestine in the digestion, which is associated with great diffi culties. Th e authors demonstrated this situation in the description of clinical observation of a patient with postoperative hypothyroidism and history of postoperative hypoparathyroidism, who underwent bariatric surgery. Impaired absorption of drugs (L-thyroxine, calcium, and vitamin D), and therefore, uncompensated hypothyroidism and hypocalcemia was an indication for reconstructive surgery

Clinical and pharmacological basis of the use of testosterone drugs for hormonal replacement therapy for hypogonadism in men

Hypogonadism is a condition associated with a decrease in the functional activity of the testicles, accompanied by a decrease in the level of androgens and (or) a violation of the process of spermatogenesis. It is known that androgens and their main representative, testosterone, are of fundamental importance for the development and maintenance of the reproductive and sexual functions of the male reproductive system. At the same time, low testosterone levels are associated with both reproductive and metabolic disorders, including phosphorus-calcium, fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism. In addition, to date, data have been accumulated on the correlation of hypogonadism with cardiovascular diseases, which once again emphasizes the problem of testosterone deficiency, especially for patients of the middle and older age groups. However, carrying out testosterone replacement therapy always requires a strict and competent choice of a «target audience» among patients from a specialist. Today, on the pharmaceutical market, there is a wide arsenal of testosterone-containing drugs in various forms for use, which have an unequal «efficacy-safety» profile. In this review, we have analyzed modern approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadism, the selection of a target group of patients to obtain the most effective and safe treatment outcome and described testosterone preparations and their dosage forms with potential advantages and disadvantages. Thus, the information presented in the article is aimed at optimizing the management of men with hypogonadism

DETECTION OF TUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA IN THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS WHEN SUSPECTING TUBERCULOUS SEPSIS

The increase in HIV patients manifesting clinical signs of sepsis requires up-to-date, rapid and reliable techniques for etiologic diagnostics.The analysis has included 53 publications related to various aspects of tuberculous bacteriemia, resources for its detection and their efficiency. According to the publications tuberculous mycobacteria in blood can be detected in HIV-positive patients with severe immune suppression (CD4: 17-18 cells/mcl) and presence of the following clinical and laboratory and X-ray signs: fever, severe anemia, paratracheal lymphoadenopathy, miliary dissemination. It is feasible to test the blood in order to detect tuberculous mycobacteria only in the very ill HIV positive patients in whom tuberculosis is suspected and it is impossible to collect sputum and there are no obvious signs of pulmonary lesions.The presence oftuberculous mycobacteria in blood isrelated to the high mortality level (up to 60%) and the immediate prescription of anti-tuberculosis therapy can reduce it. Antiretroviral therapy can reduce the chances of tuberculous sepsis development. Development and optimization of test systems for rapid detection of DNA of tuberculous mycobacteria in blood can be fairly promising for the diagnostics of the urgent tuberculosis

Лечебно-диагностическая тактика при заболеваниях легких у больных Вич-инфекцией (обзор литературы)

The review presents literature data on therapeutic and diagnostic management of pulmonary diseases in HIV-infected patients. The article provides different practical approaches in the diagnosis of HIV-associated lung lesions and the spectrum of probable diseases, depending on the degree of immunodeficiency and the severity of clinical manifestations. The reference clinical signs of the most common opportunistic diseases with possible lung involvement are presented.The literature review highlights the feasibility of accurate etiological and invasive diagnosis of lung lesions in different clinical settings, as well as the need to designate various options of empirical  antimicrobial therapy. The features of antimicrobial therapy and, in particular, the use of fluoroquinolones during the differential diagnosis of pulmonary lesions in HIV infection are discussed. The difficulties of verifying of HIV-associated lung diseases indicate the need of unified therapeutic and diagnostic approaches for use by various physicians (general practitioners, pulmonologists andphthisiologists).В обзоре представлены литературные данные по лечебно-диагностической тактике при заболеваниях органов дыхания у больных ВИЧ-инфекцией. Приведены сведения по особенностям различных подходов в диагностике вторичных поражений легких и спектру вероятных заболеваний в зависимости от степени иммуносупрессии и тяжести состояния больного ВИЧинфекцией. Представлены опорные клинические признаки,  характерные для наиболее распространенных заболеваний, протекающих с легочным поражением.В литературном обзоре освещены вопросы целесообразности точной этиологической и морфлогической диагностики поражений легких в разных клинических ситуациях, а также необходимости назначения вариантов эмпирической антимикробной терапии. Обсуждены особенности назначения антимикробной терапии и, в частности, фторхинолонов на этапе дифференциальной диагностики легочного поражения при ВИЧинфекции. Сложности  верификации вторичных заболеваний легких у больных ВИЧ-инфекцией свидетельствуют о необходимости создания унифицированных лечебно-диагностических подходов для применения врачами различных специальностей (терапевтов, пульмонологов и фтизиатров)

Заболевания легких при ВИЧ-инфекции (обЗор литературы)

The review presents information on epidemiology, clinical, laboratory and radiological manifestations of infectious and malignant respiratory diseases in HIV-infected patients.The data on the most common infections (communityacquired pneumonia, tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia) and malignant diseases (Kaposhi’s sarcoma, lymphomas) as well as less frequent diseases (CMV-infection, MAC-infection, fungal pneumonias) are presented.The article contains facts about the incidence of pulmonary diseases according to the severity of HIV-associated immunodeficiency. This review also presents current information on the diagnostic criteria, treatment regimens and secondary prophylaxis for HIV-associated respiratory infections and malignancies. The specialties of ART initiation in definite cases of opportunistic infections and ART assignment during the diagnostic period are highlighted.The growing number of HIV-infected patients and the wide spectrum of possible pulmonary diseases argue the need for optimal clinical approach to HIV-infected patients with respiratory lesions for various physicians (general practitioners, pulmonologists and phthisiatricians). В обзоре представлены сведения по эпидемиологии, клинико-лабораторным и рентгенологическим проявлениям инфекционных и опухолевых заболеваний органов дыхания у больных ВИЧ-инфекцией.Приведены данные по наиболее распространенным инфекционным (пневмония, туберкулез и пневмоцистоз) и опухолевым заболеваниям (саркома Капоши, лимфомы), а также по реже встречающимся нозологиям (ЦМВ-инфекция, МАС-инфекция, системные микозы), обобщены данные по частоте развития различных поражений легких в зависимости от степени ВИЧассоциированной иммуносупрессии. В обзоре представлены современные сведения по критериям диагностики различных вторичных болезней легких, схемам терапии и вторичной профилактики. Отдельно освещены особенности назначения АРТ при различных легочных поражениях, в том числе на этапе их дифференциальной диагностики.Рост количества больных ВИЧ-инфекцией и обширный спектр возможной у них легочной патологии обосновывает для врачей различных специальностей (терапевтов, пульмонологов и фтизиатров) необходимость оптимизации лечебно-диагностической тактики в отношении этой категории пациентов.

Роль компьютерной томографии в раннем выявлении туберкулеза органов дыхания, в том числе у лиц, живущих с ВИЧ-инфекцией

Currently, in the world and in the Russian Federation there has been a decrease in the growth rate of cases of HIV infection and tuberculosis, however, an annual increase in the proportion of cases of a combination of these infections is noted. The method of radiation screening in the Russian Federation recognized fluorography, which reveals no more than half of HIV/TB patients, and the use of such a sensitive method as CT is only advisory in nature. WHO recommends the use of radiation diagnostics as a screening tool only if the prevalence of this combination of infections is more than 20%. Currently, it has been proven that HIV infected patients suffer from tuberculosis at least 20 more often, and with an increase in immunodeficiency, they form pathomor-phological characteristics of primary respiratory tuberculosis, while there is a rapid progression of both HIV infection and tuberculosis, often leading to death of patients. The pathomorphological characteristics recorded during computed tomography also change. A review of studies on the possibilities of detecting respiratory tuberculosis in computed tomography, including in people living with HIV infection (n=24), is presented. To compare the effectiveness of CT, a separation was used according to the psychological syndromes and the degree of suppression of immunity. The frequency of occurrence of computed tomographic patterns in this group was examined and it was found that CT is also the most sensitive method for diagnosing tuberculosis in HIV-positive individuals. And increasing the effectiveness of detection is possible when analyzing patient complaints and the severity of immunosuppression. Thus, computed tomography of the organs of the chest cavity can be used at the stage of screening for respiratory tuberculosis in HIV infected patients, taking into account the level of CD4+ lymphocytes.В настоящее время в мире и в РФ отмечается снижение темпов роста случаев ВИЧ-инфицирования и туберкулеза, однако отмечается ежегодное возрастание доли случаев сочетания данных инфекций. Методом лучевого скрининга в РФ признана флюорография, которая выявляет не более половины пациентов ВИЧ/ТБ, а применение такого чувствительного метода, как компьютерная томография (КТ), носит только рекомендательный характер. ВОЗ рекомендует использования лучевой диагностики в качестве инструмента скрининга только при распространенности данного сочетания инфекций более 20%.В настоящее время доказано, что ВИЧ-инфицированные пациенты не менее чем в 20 чаще болеют туберкулезом, причем при нарастании иммунодефицита у них формируются патоморфологические характеристики первичного туберкулеза органов дыхания, при этом наблюдается быстрое прогрессирование как ВИЧ-инфекции, так и туберкулеза, часто приводящее к гибели пациентов. Также изменяются патоморфологические характеристики, регистрируемые при компьютерной томографии. Представлен обзор исследований, посвященных возможностям выявления туберкулеза органов дыхания при компьютерной томографии в том числе у лиц, живущих с ВИЧ-инфекцией (n=24). Для сравнения эффективности КТ использовано разделение по скиалогическим синдромам и степени угнетения иммунитета. Рассмотрена частота встречаемости компьютернотомографических паттернов у данной группы и выяснено, что КТ является также наиболее чувствительным методом диагностики туберкулеза у ВИЧ-позитивных лиц. Повышение эффективности выявления возможно при анализе жалоб пациентов и степени выраженности иммуносупрессии. Таким образом, КТ органов грудной полости может быть использована на этапе скрининга туберкулеза органов дыхания у ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов с учетом уровня CD4+-лимфоцитов

БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ТЕРАПИИ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА С МНОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬЮ ВОЗБУДИТЕЛЯ У БОЛЬНЫХ ВИЧ-ИНФЕКЦИЕЙ, ПОЛУЧАЮЩИХ АНТИРЕТРОВИРУСНУЮ ТЕРАПИЮ

The review analyzed the studies and meta-analyses devoted the treatment of multiple drug resistant tuberculosis in combination with antiretroviral therapy as a possible risk factor of adverse events and the worst outcomes of therapy. In total, the analysis included 18 sources from the Russian and English databases. Most of the studies did not reveal a confident relation between the simultaneous use of antiretroviral and anti-tuberculosis therapy with second line drugs and increased frequency of adverse events. At the same time, in the largest studies, as well as studies devoted to certain adverse events, the authors managed to prove the existence of such a connection. Data on the structure of adverse events also significantly differed in the results obtained by various authors. Most trials were conducted in African countries with a high prevalence of HIV infection.В обзоре проанализированы исследования и метаанализы, посвященные терапии туберкулеза с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью возбудителя в сочетании с антиретровирусной терапией как возможного фактора риска нежелательных явлений и худших исходов терапии. Всего в анализ включено 18 источников из русско- и англоязычных информационных баз данных. Большинство исследований не выявили достоверной связи между одновременным приемом антиретровирусной и противотуберкулезной терапии препаратами резервного ряда и увеличением частоты нежелательных явлений. В то же время в наиболее крупных исследованиях, а также исследованиях, посвященных отдельным группам нежелательных явлений, удалось доказать наличие подобной связи. Данные о структуре нежелательных явлений также существенно отличаются по результатам, полученным различными авторами. Большинство исследований проведены в странах Африки с высокой распространенностью ВИЧ-инфекции