Use of Polarization Lidar for Investigation of Meteorological Formations

This paper presents the results of theoretical and experimental, investigations of depolarization characteristics of different meteorological formations. Experimental investigations are carried out with a monostatic lidar. The ruby laser radiation is polarized in a vertical plane. The radiation reflected is accepted by a lens system of 150 rom in diameter and a viewing angle of 12' and further it is divided by Wollaston prism into the components polarized orthogonally. In this case the principal plane of the prism is exposed parallel with the laser polarization plane. Investigations show the degree of radiation polarization, reflected from water clouds, to be changed within 1/0.7 (seldom up to 0.6) depending on their density. In most cases a signal reflected from the cloud leading edge is polarized completely. The time shift is observed between polarized and crosspolarized components of a Fignal, reflected from a cloud, depending on the density of a meteorological object. While penetrating into the cloud depth a degree of polarization decreases up to 0.8-0.7, and the character of this decrease is different for various types of clouds. For crystal clouds the shift between the components of the reflected signal is not observed and the magnitude of polarization degree amounts to 0.1/0.3 in comparison with water clouds. The polarization degree of radiation reflected by fog is not less than 0.6, and that in the rains of average intensity (about 5 mm/h) is always about 1. The authors have suggested an algorithm of numerical solution of nonstationary transfer equation in the vector form to forecast the influence of multiple scattering effects on polarization characteristics of the lidar light signal. The method of statistical simulation (Monte-Carlo technique) forms the basis of the algorithm. Numerical estimates obtained for a model of stratocumulus at lambda = 0.6943 microns under boundary conditions close to the conditions of natural experiment being discussed proved to be in a good agreement with the results of observation. Specifically, Fig. 1 shows the profiles of polarization (p) versus depth (L) of the following drop formations: fog (curve 1) with horizontal meteorological visibility of 4 km two stratocumulus at a height of 1100 m with the attenuation factors delta = 0.01m(exp -1) (curve 2) and delta = 0.05m(exp -1) (curve 3). Curve 3 shows the results of numerical estimates and the value of their statistical error

ЛИМФОКИНЕТИЧЕСКАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ КОМПОЗИЦИИ ДИГИДРОКВЕР-ЦЕТИНА И АРАБИНОГАЛАКТАНА

Purpose. To evaluate lymphokinetic activity of the dihydroquercetin and arabinogalactan composition.Material and methods. The investigation was carried out on male Wistar rats. Lymphokinetic activity was determined by the rate of lymph outflow through the puncture of cisterna chili after intragastricall administration of the dihydroquercetin and arabinogalactan composition with ratio 1 : 5 (50 mg/kg + 250 mg/kg).Results. It was established that lymphokinetic activity of the dihydroquercetin and arabinogalactan composition with ratio 1 : 5 (50 mg/kg + 250 mg/kg) exceeds activity of it´s components.Проведено исследование лимфокинетической активности композиции дигидрокверцетина и арабиногалактана.Эксперименты выполнены на крысах-самцах линии Wistar. Лимфокинетическую активность определяли по скорости оттока лимфы через прокол млечной цистерны после внутрижелудочного введения композиции дигидрокверцетина и арабиногалактана в соотношении 1 : 5 (50 мг/кг + 250 мг/кг).Установлено, что лимфокинетическая активность композиции дигидрокверцетина и арабинога­лактана в соотношении 1 : 5 превосходит активность ее отдельных компонентов

Особенности ион-транспортных процессов в модели артериальной гипертензии

Aim. To study the ionic mechanisms which underlie regulation contractile activity of vascular smooth muscles and the erythrocytes membrane potential from spontaneously hypertensive rats.Materials and methods. The effect of acetylcholine (ACX), 10 μM, and Ca2+ -ionophore A23187, 10 μM, on the contractile reactions of isolated smooth muscle segments of the aorta from 11-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar – Kyoto rats (WKY) induced by phenylephrine (PE), 1 μM, was measured by the mechanography. 11-week-old SHR were divided into control and experimental groups depending on the drug administration (amlodipine 10 mg/kg given intragastrically). Blood pressure (BP) in SHR was measured before and after treatment. The amplitude of the hyperpolarizating response (HO) and the activity of Ca2+-dependent K+-channels of the erythrocyte membrane of SHR were performed with potentiometric method.Results. In response to the stimulating effect of the ACX or the calcium ionophore A23187, the smooth muscle segments of the aorta from the WKY and SHR precontracted with PE were relaxed. To the addition of the ACX, the vascular segments of the SHR responded with a stronger dilatation than the WKY segments, but not the action of the Ca2+-ionophore. Treatment of SHR with blocker of Ca2+-channels of L-type amlodipine caused a decrease the BP, and an increase in the relaxing effect of intact aortic segments on the ACX and Ca2+-ionophore. There was an increase the amplitude of HO and activity of Ca2+-dependent K+-channels of the erythrocyte membrane from SHR.Conclusion. Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle in SHR is caused by changes in the endothelial function and Ca2+-dependent ionic conductivity of the myocyte membrane. An increase of the hyperpolarizating response of the erythrocyte membrane from rats with spontaneous hypertension is associated with activation of potassium channels. The selective effect on these intracellular targets can serve as a basis for the development of antihypertensive drugs.Цель исследования. Изучение ионных механизмов регуляции сократительной активности сосудистых гладких мышц и мембранного потенциала эритроцитов у спонтанно-гипертензивных крыс.Материалы и методы. Механографическим методом исследовано действие ацетилхолина (АЦХ), 10 мкМ, и Са2+-ионофора A23187, 10 мкМ, на контрактильные реакции изолированных гладкомышечных сегментов аорты 11-недельных спонтанно-гипертензивных крыс (spontaneously hypertensive rats, SHR) и крыс Wistar – Kyoto (WKY), индуцированные фенилэфрином (ФЭ), 1 мкМ. Крысы SHR были разделены на контрольную и экспериментальные группы в зависимости от типа получаемого лечения (амлодипин 10 мг/кг внутрижелудочно). У крыс SHR измеряли артериальное давление (АД) до и после лечения. Потенциометрическим методом оценивали величину гиперполяризационного ответа (ГО) и активность Са2+-зависимых К+-каналов мембраны эритроцитов крыс SHR. Результаты. В ответ на стимулирующее воздействие АЦХ и кальциевого ионофора А23187 происходило расслабление гладкомышечных сегментов аорты крыс WKY и SHR, предсокращенных адреномиметиком ФЭ. На добавление АЦХ сосудистые сегменты крыс SHR отвечали большей дилатацией, чем сегменты крыс WKY, но подобной тенденции не наблюдалось при действии Ca2+-ионофора. Внутрижелудочное введение крысам SHR блокатора Са2+-каналов L-типа амлодипина вызывало как снижение АД, так и значимое усиление расслабляющего действия холиномиметика и Са2+-ионофора на интактные сегменты аорты. У крыс SHR отмечено повышение амплитуды ГО активности Са2+-зависимых К+-каналов мембраны эритроцитов.Заключение. Дилатационные реакции сосудистых гладких мышц крыс SHR обусловлены изменением эндотелиальной функции и Са2+-зависимой ионной проводимости мембраны миоцитов. Увеличение гиперполяризации мембраны эритроцитов крыс со спонтанной гипертензией связано с активацией калиевых каналов. Селективное воздействие на данные внутриклеточные мишени может служить основой для разработки антигипертензивных препаратов

Features of ionic transport processes in a model of arterial hypertension

Aim. To study the ionic mechanisms which underlie regulation contractile activity of vascular smooth muscles and the erythrocytes membrane potential from spontaneously hypertensive rats.Materials and methods. The effect of acetylcholine (ACX), 10 μM, and Ca2+ -ionophore A23187, 10 μM, on the contractile reactions of isolated smooth muscle segments of the aorta from 11-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar – Kyoto rats (WKY) induced by phenylephrine (PE), 1 μM, was measured by the mechanography. 11-week-old SHR were divided into control and experimental groups depending on the drug administration (amlodipine 10 mg/kg given intragastrically). Blood pressure (BP) in SHR was measured before and after treatment. The amplitude of the hyperpolarizating response (HO) and the activity of Ca2+-dependent K+-channels of the erythrocyte membrane of SHR were performed with potentiometric method.Results. In response to the stimulating effect of the ACX or the calcium ionophore A23187, the smooth muscle segments of the aorta from the WKY and SHR precontracted with PE were relaxed. To the addition of the ACX, the vascular segments of the SHR responded with a stronger dilatation than the WKY segments, but not the action of the Ca2+-ionophore. Treatment of SHR with blocker of Ca2+-channels of L-type amlodipine caused a decrease the BP, and an increase in the relaxing effect of intact aortic segments on the ACX and Ca2+-ionophore. There was an increase the amplitude of HO and activity of Ca2+-dependent K+-channels of the erythrocyte membrane from SHR.Conclusion. Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle in SHR is caused by changes in the endothelial function and Ca2+-dependent ionic conductivity of the myocyte membrane. An increase of the hyperpolarizating response of the erythrocyte membrane from rats with spontaneous hypertension is associated with activation of potassium channels. The selective effect on these intracellular targets can serve as a basis for the development of antihypertensive drugs