Climate Variability and Rice Production in North India: A Review

Variability in climatic factors is one of the main determinants of agriculture production. Past agrarian studies have shown that variability in rainfall and temperature has decline agriculture production in entire North Indian States. Farmers, especially small and marginal are adversely affected from climate variability. They have less resources and coping strategies against the climatic variability. Rice is the one of important crop for all North Indian State’s people. Level of temperature already reaches to tolerance level of crops and it is increasing day by day. Also variability in rainfall during Kharif cropping season has been reported in all North Indian states. Incidence of extreme climatic events such as drought and flood is also repeated in these areas. Level of carbon dioxide is also increased due to over exploitation of natural resources and industrial activities in these states. Growth in population is much higher in last three decades. So burden on natural resources such as on agriculture is becoming very high. Agriculture sector needs immediate action against climate variability. Mitigation strategies are time taking process. However, an adaptation method is best technique to mitigate consequences of climate variability. Sowing date and use of technological tools are the best adaptive method to minimize the impact of climate variability

Effect of pump fluctuations on line shapes in coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering

The theory of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is extended to include the effect of pump fluctuations. The intensities and spectra of lines in resonant CARS are calculated to all orders in fields assuming a phase-diffusion model for waves at the two pump frequencies. The bandwidth of the two lasers enters in a much more complicated way than following a simple scaling of T1 or T2. Various resonances in CARS spectra due to dynamic splitting of the energy levels are discussed for a range of detunings, field intensities, and bandwidths. In contrast to the usual spectra in strong fields, the Rabi sidebands appear as dispersion-shaped structures. The laser linewidth is shown to change dramatically the CARS line shape. The case of no saturation is also treated, thus allowing for the inclusion of more general line shapes and fluctuations of the pump waves and the nonlinear susceptibility tensor χ(3). Gaussian statistics of the pump field are shown to lead to enhancement factors in CARS intensity, similar to those appearing in the context of multiphoton absorption processes

Stability Analysis of Cosmological models in f(T,ϕ)f(T,\phi) Gravity

We investigated the stability condition in $f(T,\phi)$ gravity theory for considering two models by using dynamical system. We assume the forms of $G(T)$ are $(i)$ $G(T)$ = $\alpha T+\frac{\beta}{T}$, $(ii)$ $G(T)$ = $\zeta T$ ln$(\psi T)$, where $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\zeta$ and $\psi$ be the free parameters. We evaluated the equilibrium points for these models and examine the stability behavior. We found five stable critical points for Model I and three stable critical points for Model II. The phase plots for these systems are examined and discussed the physical interpretation. We illustrate all the cosmological parameters such as $\Omega_{m}$, $\Omega_{\phi}$, $q$ and $\omega_{Tot}$ at each fixed points and compare the parameters with observational values. Further, we assume hybrid scale factor and the equation of redshift and time is $t(z)=\frac{\delta}{\sigma}W\bigg[\frac{\sigma}{\delta}\bigg(\frac{1}{a_{1}(1+z)}\bigg)^{\frac{1}{\delta}}\bigg]$. We transform all the parameters in redshift by using this equation and examine the behavior of these parameters. Our models represent the accelerating stage of the Universe. The energy conditions are examined in terms of redshift and SEC is not satisfied for the model. We also find the statefinder parameters $\{r,s\}$ in terms of z and discuss the nature of $r-s$ and $r-q$ plane. For both pairs $\{r,s\}$ and $\{r,q\}$ our models represent the $\Lambda$CDM model. Hence, we determine that our $f(T,\phi)$ models are stable and it satisfies all the observational values

Degummed Pongamia oil – Ethanol microemulsions as novel alternative CI engine fuels for remote Small Island Developing States: preparation, characterization, engine performance and emissions characteristics

Diminishing fossil fuel reserves, rising market price for diesel and the need to combat greenhouse gas emissions have led to the development of a crucial area of research into alternative fuels for diesel engines. In this work, a hybrid fuel was prepared for the first time by blending Pongamia oil, hydrated ethanol (95% purity) and butanol (as a surfactant). To eliminate engine modification and reduce injector clogging in the diesel engine, degummed Pongamia oil was utilized for preparing hybrid fuels. The results show that the density and viscosity of Pongamia oil reduced considerably after blending with ethanol and was brought closer to that of diesel. The gross calorific values were comparable with that of diesel. The brake thermal efficiencies of using hybrid fuels on a compression ignition engine were very similar to that of diesel. The emissions characteristics of hybrid fuels show reduced emissions of CO2, NOx and SO2. The hybrid fuel blends E22B27DPO51 and E17B16DPO67 prepared with degummed Pongamia oil show the lowest emissions. Thus, these hybrid fuels have the potential to substitute diesel to run diesel powered inter-island shipping vessels, fishing boats and smaller power plants for household electricity in remote and outer islands of developing countries

Pasture Establishment and Sustainability in Arid Region of Rajasthan, India: Prospects and Constraints

Rajasthan is the largest state of India and covers nearly 10.4 per cent (342.65 lakh ha) of total geographical area of the country. About 65 per cent of its population is dependent on agriculture. According to livestock census-2007, Rajasthan ranks at the third place (56.663 million) in the country for total livestock population after Uttar Pradesh (60.272 million) and Andhra Pradesh (60.175 million). The large livestock population of the state shows importance of fodder in the state. Western part of Rajasthan state covers the area of the state towards western side of Aravali range of hills, which divides the state almost in two parts viz., eastern and western. The western part of the state is important for animal husbandry and forage management point of view. The reason is that this region is characterized as arid region and at many places in this region annual rainfall is below 250 mm. Many times droughts occur in this region and crop production for grain purpose does not become successful. So, farmers remain more dependent on animals than crops. Important animals in this region are cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and camels

Studies on Liver Marker Enzymes (SGOT and SGPT) of Fish Heteropneustes Fossilis (Bloch.) After Famfos Intoxication

Pesticide pollution is on increase through its increasing application in almost every field either it is household or agriculture where it is used widely. These pesticides reach to aquatic life by means of runoff water and other ways. The residual impact is increasing in aquatic fauna. Fishes are the best indicator of aquatic pollution and also used for human consumption. The residual effect adversely affects the liver marker enzymes (in serum) of fishes which are measured and discussed in the present study to assess the extent of damage caused by non-target effect of famfos to Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.)

Histopathological Changes in Kidney of Channa Punctatus (Bloch) Under Stress of Folidol

The concentration of pesticides is increasing day by day in the aquatic ecosystem. These concentrations are highest to limits; there is bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of these pesticides in the tissues and organ of fish which has a harmful effect on the human being when consumed by them. The effects of Folidol at 20 ppm sublethal doses were investigated on histopathology of kidney in full grown specimen of Channa punctatus (Bloch). Significant alterations were observed in kidney sections of treated fishes as compared to control group. These changes may be due to damage caused to the hepatic tissue