North American Natural Gas Model Impact of Cross-Border Trade with Mexico

Natural gas as a source of energy has attracted a lot of interest as its emissions rate and price are lower than other fossil fuel energy sources. In the U.S., natural gas-fired power generation has been rising, as coal has declined as a share of the fuel mix. Likewise, Mexico recently launched its energy reform with focus on greatly expanding use of natural gas over other fossil fuels, primarily in the energy sector, by opening the market to private investors. These recent economic and policy changes, along with increasing gas production in the U.S. (shale gas boom) are likely to drive the natural gas market in North America in a new direction. For instance, the Annual Energy Outlook 2015 describes the U.S. for the first time as a net exporter of natural gas (via pipelines and LNG) by 2017. In order to study the current North American gas market with its new regulations like the Mexican energy reform, this paper presents the North American Natural Gas Market Model(NANGAM). We propose a long-term partial-equilibrium model of the United States, Mexican, and Canadian gas markets. NANGAM considers more granular details regarding market regions and pipelines in Mexico than other existing models, allows for endogenous infrastructure expansion, and is built in five year time-steps up to 2040, considering three seasons (low, high, and peak demand) for each time-step. NANGAM is calibrated using up-to-date data, which reflects current gas market trends, such as the increasing U.S. shale gas production. Using NANGAM, we assess the implications of the Mexican energy reform using a set of ad-hoc future scenarios. Results from the model show that, in the case of disappointing development of natural gas production in Mexico, the census region US7 (Texas and adjacent states) is the most affected, reaching an increase of natural gas production of up to 12% by 2040 compared to baseline projections

Categorização funcional de sequências expressas envolvidas na defesa do cafeeiro a doenças.

O entendimento dos mecanismos de defesa e da interação do cafeeiro com patógenos pode ser útil no desenvolvimento de novas alternativas para um controle eficiente das doenças. Tem sido demonstrado, em diferentes espécies de plantas, que genes R, responsáveis pelo reconhecimento dos patógenos, apresentam domínios conservados, como NBS (Nucleotide Binding Site) e LRR (Leucine Rich Repeat). Dessa forma, nesse trabalho, seqüências do Projeto Brasileiro do Genoma Café, previamente identificadas como contendo domínios NBS e LRR, foram funcionalmente categorizadas. A categorização foi realizada em 140 EST-contigs, sendo que 99 foram classificados em pelo menos uma das categorias funcionais do Gene Ontology. Essa categorização permitiu associar os produtos preditos das EST-Contigs com os processos biológicos que incluíram resposta de defesa e apoptose e com funções moleculares como ligação a nucleotídeo e atividade de transdutor de sinais. Esses e outros termos encontrados são comprovadamente relacionados com a atuação de genes de resistência no mecanismo de defesa da planta

Short-range Charge and Spin Superstructures in Doped Layered Co Perovskites

We have investigated cobaltite relatives of the layered perovskite cuprates and nickelates, Pr$_{2-x}$Ca$_x$CoO$_4$ ($0.39 \leq x \leq 0.73$) and La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CoO$_4$ ($x = 0.61$), using elastic neutron scattering. We have discovered doping-dependent incommensurate short-range ordering of charges and magnetic moments, which in cobaltites occur in the range of heavy doping, $0.5 \lesssim x \lesssim 0.75$. The charge order exists already at room temperature and shows no change on cooling. The incommensurability of its propagation vector, ${\bf Q}_c = (\epsilon_c,0,l)$, roughly scales with the concentration of Co$^{2+}$ ions, $\epsilon_c \sim (1-x)$. Magnetic order is only established at low T$\lesssim 40$ K and has twice larger periodicity, indicating a dominant antiferromagnetic correlation between the nearest Co$^{2+}$ spins.Comment: 4 pages 4 figure

Plant breeding with marker-assisted selection in Brazil.

Over the past three decades, molecular marker studies reachedextraordinary advances, especially for sequencing and bioinformatics techniques.Marker-assisted selectionbecamepart of the breeding program routines of important seed companies, in order to accelerate and optimize the cultivar developing processes. Private seed companies increasingly use marker-assisted selection, especially for the species of great importance to the seed market, e.g. corn, soybean, cotton, and sunflower. In the Brazilian public institutions few breeding programs use it efficiently.The possible reasons are: lack of know-how, lack of appropriate laboratories, few validated markers, high cost, and lack of urgency in obtaining cultivars. In this article we analyze the use and the constraints of marker-assisted selection in plant breeding programs of Brazilian public institute

Intercalação de leguminosas herbáceas perenes no manejo de plantas daninhas do cafezal no Cerrado.

O manejo sustentável dos sistemas de produção do café no Cerrado para minimizar os impactos ambientais, requer práticas alternativas, devido os espaçamentos largos das lavouras, que permite a ampla utilização de insumos químicos e de máquinas agrícolas. A cobertura viva com leguminosas perenes proporciona melhorias das condições do solo e redução da infestação de plantas daninhas com menores custos pela diminuição de aplicação de fertilizantes nitrogenados e de herbicidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar a influência de leguminosas herbáceas perenes no manejo das plantas daninhas e na cultura do café do cerrado