Black hole evaporation in a heat bath as a nonequilibrium process and its final fate

When a black hole evaporates, there arises a net energy flow from black hole into its outside environment (heat bath). The existence of energy flow means that the thermodynamic state of the whole system, which consists of the black hole and the heat bath, is in a nonequilibrium state. Therefore, in order to study the detail of evaporation process, the nonequilibrium effects of the energy flow should be taken into account. Using the nonequilibrium thermodynamics which has been formulated recently, this paper shows the following: (1) Time scale of black hole evaporation in a heat bath becomes shorter than that of the evaporation in an empty space (a situation without heat bath), because a nonequilibrium effect of temperature difference between the black hole and heat bath appears as a strong energy extraction from the black hole by the heat bath. (2) Consequently a huge energy burst (stronger than that of the evaporation in an empty space) arises at the end of semi-classical stage of evaporation. (3) It is suggested that a remnant of Planck size remains after the quantum stage of evaporation in order to guarantee the increase of total entropy of the whole system

ANALISIS KEBERLANJUTAN USAHATANI HORTIKULTURA SAYURAN PADA LAHAN BERLERENG DI HULU DAS JENEBERANG, SULAWESI SELATAN

This study aimed to analyse the sustainability of vegetables horticultural farming on sloping land in the upstream Jeneberang watershed based on the index evaluation and the status of sustainability by Rap-farm method using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS).Results of ordination technique analysis Rap-farm method of MDS showed that index of vegetables horticultural farming sustainability ranged from 32.19-62.53. Dimension of ecological, economical, institutional, and technological included into sustainable enough category, while social dimension, included into less sustainable category in vegetables horticultural farming systems.Results of leverage Rap-farm analysis showed that from 43 attributes that were analyzed, there were 23 sensitive attributes that affected into the sustainability of vegetables horticultural farming systems in the upstream of Jeneberang watershed. &nbsp

Penerapan Manajemen Mutu Terpadu Pada Lembaga Dakwah

; Era informasi ataupun era globalisasi menuntut kapasitas manajemen organisasi melakukan tranformasi menuju Perubahan manajemen untuk mengimplementasikan manajemen kontemporer yang disebut Total Quality Management (TQM). TQM adalah suatu pendekatan yang seharusnya dilakukan oleh organisasi masa kini tak terkecuali lembaga dakwah untuk memperbaiki ouputnya, menekan biaya produksi serta meningkatkan produksinya. TQM mempunyai konotasi seluruh sistem seluruh proses, seluruh pegawai, termasuk pemakai produk dan jasa juga suplier. Total Quality berarti karakteristik yang memenuhi kebutuhan pemakai, sedang Management berarti proses komunikasi vertical dan horizontal, top-down dan buttom-up, guna mencapai mutu dan produktivitas. TQM di bidang organisasi dakwah/publik tentu membutuhkan penyesuaian. Karena permasalahan kualitas merupakan sesuatu yang kompleks maka perlu dilakukan pertahapan yang dapat memberikan ruang USAha untuk transisi menuju tercapainya kualitas. Melakukan integrasi satu sama lain dalam suatu organisasi, sehingga dapat memberikan dampak positif pada battom line Perusahaan/organisasi. Melakukan upaya peningkatan kinerja secara terintegrasi dalam kebutuhan bisnis dan industri yang dirumuskan secara sistematik dalam suatu master improvement story bukan peningkatan secara acak (random performance improvement), parsial dan tak terintegrasi. TQM memerlukan keterampilan manajemen puncak dalam mengelola organisasi yang bekerjasama dengan senior manajer dalam menentukan kualitas dan produksi yang lebih baik agar dapat bersaing dengan organisasi lain. Sebagai tujuan akhir dan TQM adalah kesejahteraan organisasi dan seluruh karyawan. Kata Kunci: Implementasi, Manajemen, Kualitas Terpadu The information age or era of globalization requires management of the organization doing the transformation capacity for change management to implement contemporary management called Total Quality Management (TQM). TQM is an approach that should be done by the organization today is no exception da'wa agencies to improve the output, reduce production costs and increase production. TQM has the connotation of the whole system of the whole process, all employees, including consumer products and services are also suppliers. Total has the connotation of the whole system, ie the entire process, all employees, including users of products and services, as well as suppliers. Quality means the characteristics that meet the needs of users, while Management means the process of vertical and horizontal communication, top-down and bottom-up, in order to achieve quality and productivity. TQM in the field of da'wah organization / public course require adjustment. Because of quality problems are complex it is necessary to pertahapan that can provide business space for the transition to the achievement of quality. Integrate with each other in an organization, so it can have a positive impact on battom line company / organization. Make efforts to increase performance integrated in business and industry needs systematically formulated in an improvement master story not increase at random (random performance improvement), partial and not integrated. TQM requires top management skills in managing organizations that work with senior managers in determining the quality and better production in order to compete with other organizations. As a final goal and TQM are welfare organizations and employees. Keywords: Implementation, Management, Integrated Qualit

Impact of Stand Structure to the Diversity of Tree Sapling in Rubber Agroforest System

The study of stand structure of rubber agroforest system and its effect on tree sapling diversity was carried out in Bungo District, Jambi Province from August 2004 to August 2005. Basal area (BA) and tree density were surveyed using variable-area transect method. Tree sapling species was surveyed using standard plots combined with circular elementary subplots laid along 60 m transect line. The result shown that BA and tree density of rubber agroforest system were lower significantly with forest at the diameter class > 30 cm, but at the diameter class < 30 cm there were not differ significantly. PCA analysis shown there was a positive correlation between BA non rubber tree with the species diversity and richness indices of tree sapling in rubber agroforest system and there was no correlation between density of non rubber tree and the indices. However, in the forest, BA and tree density were have a negative correlation with the species diversity and richness indices of tree sapling

Character's Selection of Leaf Morphology in Some Families (Tree Habit) in Sumatra Region for Species Identification

Identification is a basic activity and one of primary objective on systematic. For plant biodiversity studies,it was the first steps that researcher performed before studying any topics in the research area. Unfortunately, species identification is usually a time consuming activity. One of the main objectives of this study was to obtain a set of leaf morphology characters that were useful and efficient enough for species identification, especially on the tree habits group in order to reduce time consuming for the identification species. All of the leaf morphology characters were selected by correlation coefficient and separation coefficient values. Besides of that, the stability, simplicity and validity of the characters were also part of concern. The characters that had high value of separation coefficient and low value of correlation coefficient would be added one by one as in their rank, until the value of the combination separation coefficient was equal to 1 (100%). The result of this study suggested that 30 from 92 characters of leaf morphology were recommended as a set of characters that useful and efficient enough for species identification

The Legal Studies of Trucking and Warehousing in Supporting the Smoothness of Outflow and Incoming Goods at the Port

This legal study discusses the provision of trucking and warehousing of goods services and services at the port. This study is intended to address issues related research problems and directions arrangements in the provision of trucking and warehousing of goods services and services at the port. This study uses empirical juridical approach of practices in the truck transportation of goods and warehousing services in the port, while the results of the study are presented in the form of descriptive analysis. The study results conclusion that it is necessary for institutional capacity of port authorities as the organizer of the cultivated commercially port so as to perform the function of government in the harbor. Port Authority set the capacity of the service, organizing auctions and provision of related services to cooperate with trucking and warehousing services provider in the harbor. IntisariKajian hukum ini membahas mengenai penyediaan jasa truk angkutan barang dan jasa pergudangan di pelabuhan. Kajian ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab permasalahan penelitian terkait permasalahan dan arah pengaturan dalam penyediaan jasa truk angkutan barang dan jasa pergudangan di pelabuhan. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis empirik dari praktek penyediaan jasa truk angkutan barang dan jasa pergudangan di pelabuhan, sedangkan hasil penelitian disajikan dalam bentuk deskriptif analitis. Hasil kajian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa diperlukan peningkatan kapasitas kelembagaan otoritas pelabuhan sebagai penyelenggara pelabuhan yang diusahakan secara komersial sehingga mampu menjalankan fungsi pemerintahan di pelabuhan. Otoritas Pelabuhan menetapkan kapasitas layanan, menyelenggarakan lelang penyediaan jasa terkait dan melakukan kerjasama penyedia jasa trucking dan warehousing di pelabuhan

Black Hole Evaporation in an Expanding Universe

We calculate the quantum radiation power of black holes which are asymptotic to the Einstein-de Sitter universe at spatial and null infinities. We consider two limiting mass accretion scenarios, no accretion and significant accretion. We find that the radiation power strongly depends on not only the asymptotic condition but also the mass accretion scenario. For the no accretion case, we consider the Einstein-Straus solution, where a black hole of constant mass resides in the dust Friedmann universe. We find negative cosmological correction besides the expected redshift factor. This is given in terms of the cubic root of ratio in size of the black hole to the cosmological horizon, so that it is currently of order $10^{-5} (M/10^{6}M_{\odot})^{1/3} (t/14 {Gyr})^{-1/3}$ but could have been significant at the formation epoch of primordial black holes. Due to the cosmological effects, this black hole has not settled down to an equilibrium state. This cosmological correction may be interpreted in an analogy with the radiation from a moving mirror in a flat spacetime. For the significant accretion case, we consider the Sultana-Dyer solution, where a black hole tends to increase its mass in proportion to the cosmological scale factor. In this model, we find that the radiation power is apparently the same as the Hawking radiation from the Schwarzschild black hole of which mass is that of the growing mass at each moment. Hence, the energy loss rate decreases and tends to vanish as time proceeds. Consequently, the energy loss due to evaporation is insignificant compared to huge mass accretion onto the black hole. Based on this model, we propose a definition of quasi-equilibrium temperature for general conformal stationary black holes.Comment: Accepted for publication in Class.Quant.Grav., 18 pages and 3 figure

Speaking is a Challenging Skill in Language Learning

The aim of the research is to develop speaking skills and improve the efficiency of teaching English as a foreign language in our country. To be successful in achieving the aim, it is necessary to increase students\u27 involvement and encouragement in the speaking process. With this purpose, it is inevitable to find out who our students are, their needs, and what approaches to use. Having answered all these questions, it is possible to engage them in the process of learning language with enthusiasm and increase English speaking skills competence by creating self-confidence in them

Implementasi Mobile Syncing Owncloud sebagai Media Storage Menggunakan Sistem Operasi Berbasis Open Source

&nbsp; Owncloud is one of application sharing data and free editions also accompanied the business and Enterprise Edition, provides good security. Implementation of mobile syncing with the concept of onwcloud is required because the Exchange or sharing of data like images, video, and other files more accessible and practical. Then the confidentiality of data between employees, was more assured because owncloud-based. The research was carried out using the method of mobile syncing. Mobile syncing allows for storage of two or more versions of the same file, stored on your computer and on the network folder, identical to each other. These methods through the stages of implementation, configuration and data synchronization. From the application of the mind that this support owncloud software data storage both in the application that has been synchronized so owncloud owncloud can run in well and smoothly when used, such as in the form of a video, image, text to be accessible on the intranet or the internet. &nbsp; Keyword : Owncloud, Storage, Sistem Operasi, Open Source. &nbsp; &nbsp