P53 autoantibodies in 1006 patients followed up for breast cancer.

Serial plasma samples from 1006 patients with breast cancer revealed: (i) no correlation of p53 autoantibody status with disease status at the time of sample collection, or with menopausal status at time of primary diagnosis of breast cancer; (ii) 155 out of 1006 (15%) of patients were positive for p53 autoantibodies, and these patients tended to have a persistent autoantibody status throughout follow up, irrespective of disease behaviour; and (iii) where a negative autoantibody status was found at primary diagnosis of breast cancer, this negative status persisted throughout follow up, irrespective of later disease behaviour. We conclude that screening for p53 autoantibody status is not informative on residual tumour activity nor on therapeutic responsiveness.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are

Have changes in computerised tomography guidance positively impacted detection of cervical spine injury in children? A review of the Trauma Audit and Research Network data

Background Clinically significant damage to the cervical spine in children is uncommon, but missing this can be life-changing for patients. The balance between rarity and severity leads to inconsistent scanning, with both resource and radiation implications. In 2014, the United Kingdom’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence updated their computerised tomography neck imaging guidance in children. The aim of this study was to assess if the change in guidance had resulted in a change in diagnosis or imaging rates. Methods A retrospective review of the national Trauma Audit and Research Network’s data for computerised tomography spine imaging in children in 2012–2013 was compared to the same data sample collected in 2015–2016. Results The percentage of children presenting with neck trauma who were imaged reduced from 15.5 to 14.1% with an increase in confirmed cervical spine injury from 1.6 to 2.3% between the two time periods. The specificity of computerised tomography scanning increased from 10 to 16.4%. There was variation in scan rates, with major trauma centres scanning a greater percentage of children of all ages and with all injury scores, than trauma units. Discussion This study suggests national guidance can impact clinical care in a relatively short timeframe. Variation in how guidance is applied, with major trauma centres scanning proportionately more children with a lower yield, could be because scanning is more readily available, or because trauma protocols encourage more scans. Twenty per cent of injuries were not found on the initial computerised tomography, in keeping with previously reported data, because the injuries were ligamentous or cord contusion. This suggests a role for early magnetic resonance imaging in children with suspected spinal injury

Behavioral And Neurochemical Effects of Amphetamine Analogs That Release Monoamines in the Squirrel Monkey

To date, there are no effective pharmacotherapies for treating psychostimulant abuse. Previous preclinical and clinical studies have shown that continuous treatment with the monoamine releaser amphetamine reduces cocaine self-administration, but amphetamine selectively targets the dopamine system and is reinforcing. In the present study, we examined the consequences of administration of amphetamine and three structurally related analogs that vary in their potencies for releasing dopamine and serotonin on behavioral-stimulant effects and nucleusaccumbens dopamine levels in squirrel monkeys. Amphetamine and PAL-353, which have relatively high selectivity for releasing dopamine vs. serotonin, increased accumbens dopamine levels and induced stimulant effects on behavior maintained by a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. PAL-313, which has a relatively low selectivity for releasing dopamine vs. serotonin, increased dopamine levels, but did not induce behavioral-stimulant effects. PAL-287, which is relatively nonselective in releasing dopamine and serotonin, did not increase dopamine levels or induce behavioral-stimulant effects. These results demonstrate that increasing serotonergic activity attenuates dopamine release and dopamine-mediated behavioral effects of monoamine releasers. In addition, these results support further investigation of PAL-313 and similar compounds as a potential medication for treating psychostimulant abuse

Intravenous self‐administration studies with l ‐deprenyl (selegiline) in monkeys *

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/110034/1/cptclpt1994208.pd

Effects of Acute and Sustained Pain Manipulations on Performance in a Visual‐Signal Detection Task of Attention in Rats

Preclinical ResearchPatients with pain often display cognitive impairment including deficits in attention. The visual‐signal detection task (VSDT) is a behavioral procedure for assessment of attention in rodents. Male Sprague Dawley rats were trained in a VSDT and tested with three different noxious stimuli: (i) intraperitoneal injection of lactic acid; (ii) intraplantar injection of formalin; and (iii) intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, scopolamine was also tested as a positive control. Scopolamine (0.01–1.0 mg/kg) dose dependently reduced accuracy and increased response latencies during completed trials with higher scopolamine doses increasing omissions. Lactic acid (0.56–5.6% ip) also increased response latencies and omissions, although it failed to alter measures of response accuracy. Formalin produced a transient decrease in accuracy while also increasing both response latency and omissions. CFA failed to alter VSDT performance. Although VSDT effects were transient for formalin and absent for CFA, both treatments produced mechanical allodynia and paw edema for up to 7 days. These results support the potential for noxious stimuli to produce a pain‐related disruption of attention in rats. However, relatively strong noxious stimulation appears necessary to disrupt performance in this version of the VSDT. Drug Dev Res 76 : 194–203, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111955/1/ddr21255.pd

MDAN-21: A Bivalent Opioid Ligand Containing mu-Agonist and Delta-Antagonist Pharmacophores and Its Effects in Rhesus Monkeys

MDAN-21, , a bivalent opioid ligand containing a mu-opioid receptor agonist (derived from oxymorphone) linked to the delta-opioid receptor antagonist (related to naltrindole) by a spacer of 21 atoms, was reported to have potent analgesic properties in mice. Tolerance, physical dependence, and conditioned place preference were not evident in that species. The finding that bivalent ligands in this series, with spacers 19 atoms or greater, were devoid of tolerance and dependence led to the proposal that MDAN-21 targets heteromeric mu-delta-opioid receptors. The present study focused on its effects in nonhuman primates (Macaca mulatta), a species with a physiology and behavioral repertoire not unlike humans. With regard to opioids, this species usually better predicts clinical outcomes. MDAN-21 substituted for morphine in morphine-dependent monkeys in the remarkably low dose range 0.006–0.032 mg/kg, subcutaneously. Although MDAN-21 failed to produce reliable thermal analgesia in the dose range 0.0032–0.032 mg/kg, intramuscularly, it was active in the same dose range and by the same route of administration, in the capsaicin-induced thermal allodynia assay. The results suggest that MDAN-21 may be useful in the treatment of opioid dependence and allodynia. The data provide additional evidence that opioid withdrawal is associated with sensitized pain

Interaction between Mu and Delta Opioid Receptor Agonists in an Assay of Capsaicin-Induced Thermal Allodynia in Rhesus Monkeys

Delta opioid agonists enhance antinociceptive effects of mu-opioid agonists in many preclinical assays of acute nociception, but delta/mu interactions in preclinical models of inflammation-associated pain have not been examined. This study examined interactions between the delta agonist SNC80 [(+)-4-[(αR)-α-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide] and the mu agonist analgesics methadone, morphine, and nalbuphine in an assay of capsaicin-induced thermal allodynia in rhesus monkeys. Thermal allodynia was produced by topical application of capsaicin to the tail. Antiallodynic effects of methadone, morphine, and nalbuphine were evaluated alone or in combination with fixed proportions of SNC80 identical to proportions previously shown to enhance acute thermal antinociceptive effects of these mu agonists in rhesus monkeys (0.9 : 1 SNC80/methadone; 0.29 : 1 SNC80/morphine; 3.6 : 1 SNC80/nalbuphine). Methadone, morphine, and nalbuphine each produced dose-dependent antiallodynia. SNC80 produced partial antiallodynia up to the highest dose tested (5.6 mg/kg). SNC80 produced a modest, enantioselective, and naltrindole-reversible enhancement of methadone-induced antiallodynia. However, SNC80 did not enhance morphine antiallodynia and only weakly enhanced nalbuphine antiallodynia. Overall, SNC80 produced modest or no enhancement of the antiallodynic effects of the three mu agonists evaluated. These results suggest that delta agonist-induced enhancement of mu agonist antiallodynia may be weaker and less reliable than previously demonstrated enhancement of mu agonist acute thermal nociception

Behavioral Evaluation of Modafinil and The Abuse-related Effects of Cocaine in Rhesus Monkeys

This article may not exactly replicate the final version published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record.Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant used to promote wakefulness, and it is being evaluated clinically as an agonist-based medication to treat stimulant abuse. This is the first report of the effects of modafinil on the abuse-related effects of cocaine in nonhuman primates. Three studies were conducted to examine the behavioral effects of modafinil. In the first study, the discriminative stimulus effects of modafinil were evaluated in monkeys trained to discriminate either low (0.18 mg/kg, IM) or high (0.4 mg/kg, IM) doses of cocaine from saline. Modafinil dose-dependently substituted for cocaine in 6/7 monkeys. In the second study, the effects of chronically administered modafinil (32-56 mg/kg/day, IV) on food- and cocaine-maintained operant responding were examined. Modafinil was administered 3 times/hr for 23 hr/day to ensure stable drug levels. Chronic treatment with 32 mg/kg/day modafinil selectively reduced responding maintained by intermediate (0.003 mg/kg/inj) and peak (0.01 mg/kg/inj) reinforcing doses of cocaine, but responding maintained by higher doses of cocaine was unaffected. Food-maintained behavior did not change during chronic treatment with modafinil. In a third study, after extinction of cocaine self-administration, modafinil (32 and 56 mg/kg/day, IV) significantly increased saline self-administration on the first day of treatment. These findings indicate that modafinil shares discriminative stimulus effects with cocaine and selectively reduces responding maintained by reinforcing doses of cocaine. These data are generally consistent with clinical findings and provide new evidence that these preclinical models may be useful for predicting the effectiveness of novel medications for drug abuse treatment

The most creative organization in the world? The BBC, 'creativity' and managerial style

The managerial styles of two BBC directors-general, John Birt and Greg Dyke, have often been contrasted but not so far analysed from the perspective of their different views of 'creative management'. This article first addresses the orthodox reading of 'Birtism'; second, it locates Dyke's 'creative' turn in the wider context of fashionable neo-management theory and UK government creative industries policy; third, it details Dyke's drive to change the BBC's culture; and finally, it concludes with some reflections on the uncertainties inherent in managing a creative organisation