330 research outputs found
Magnetic Coupling Between Non-Magnetic Ions: Eu3+ in EuN and EuP
We consider the electronic structure of, and magnetic exchange (spin)
interactions between, nominally nonmagnetic Eu^3+ ions (4f^6, S=3, L=3, J=0)
within the context of the rocksalt structure compounds EuN and EuP. Both
compounds are ionic [Eu^3+; N^3- and P^3-] semimetals similar to isovalent GdN.
Treating the spin polarization within the 4f shell, and then averaging
consistent with the J=0 configuration, we estimate semimetallic band overlaps
(Eu 5d with pnictide 2p or 3p) of ~0.1 eV (EuN) and ~1.0 eV (EuP) that increase
(become more metallic) with pressure. The calculated bulk modulus is 130 (86)
GPa for EuN (EuP). Exchange (spin-spin) coupling calculated from correlated
band theory is small and ferromagnetic in sign for EuN, increasing in magnitude
with pressure. Conversely, the exchange coupling is antiferromagnetic in sign
for EuP and is larger in magnitude, but decreases with compression. Study of a
two-site model with S_1*S_2 coupling within the J=0,1 spaces of each ion
illustrates the dependence of the magnetic correlation functions on the model
parameters, and indicates that the spin coupling is sufficient to alter the Van
Vleck susceptibility. We outline a scenario of a spin-correlation transition in
a lattice of S=3, L=3, J=0 nonmagnetic ions
Relativistic Doppler effect: universal spectra and zeptosecond pulses
We report on a numerical observation of the train of zeptosecond pulses
produced by reflection of a relativistically intense femtosecond laser pulse
from the oscillating boundary of an overdense plasma because of the Doppler
effect. These pulses promise to become a unique experimental and technological
tool since their length is of the order of the Bohr radius and the intensity is
extremely high W/cm. We present the physical mechanism,
analytical theory, and direct particle-in-cell simulations. We show that the
harmonic spectrum is universal: the intensity of th harmonic scales as
for , where is the largest --factor
of the electron fluid boundary, and for the broadband and
quasimonochromatic laser pulses respectively.Comment: 4 figure
Sorption characteristics of economically viable silicate sorbents for sequestration of lead ions from aqueous solutions
The adsorption of Pb2+ from aqueous solutions by sorbents based on calcium silicates, obtained in multicomponent systems CaCl2-Na2SiO3-H2O (sorbent I) and CaSO4Β·2H2O-SiO2Β·nH2O-KOH-H2O (sorbent II), was studied. Surface area of the two sorbents was found to be 100 and 40 m2/g respectively. The sorption capacities of the adsorbent materials were found to be 3.6 l/mmol and 8.4 l/mmol respectively. Characterization of the sorbent materials was carried out. The equilibrium data was fitted in Langmuir's isotherm and the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent materials was determined. The distribution coefficients at Pb2+ ions for the sorbents were determined at different ratios of solid and liquid phases
ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°
The aim of the study was to estimate the incidence and mortality rates in patients with colorectal cancer in the Russian Far east in the time period from 2008 to 2020. Material and methods. Cancer incidence and mortality data collected from population-based cancer registries were used. Results. In 2020, the average rate of colorectal cancer incidence in the Russian Far east was 15.29 Β± 0.33 per 100,000 men (2019: 15.35 Β± 0.36) with an annual percent decrease of 5.40% since 2008. The corresponding rate increased to 12.92 Β± 0.23 (2019: 12.98 Β± 0.25) per 100,000 women with an annual percent increase of 5.95 %. By the end of the study period the number of new cancer cases increased to 13.2 % (2008: 1.3 %). The percent of morphological confirmation of the diagnosis was lower than in the Russian Federation as a whole (93.4 % versus 96.0; 2008: 84.3 %). The number of patients followed-up for 5 and more years was lower than in the Russian Federation as a whole (52.7 % versus 55.0 %; 2008: 41.9 %). The quality of the cancer service activity was marked by the index of reliability of registration, which was not lower than 0.40 in any of the territories of the district. The average colorectal cancer mortality rate in men was 8.73 Β± 0.12 per 100,000 population (2019: 8.72 Β± 0.13), which exceeded that in women (6.83 Β± 0.10; 2019: 7.37 Β± 0.53). The death rate within the first year after diagnosis decreased to 25.0 % (2008: 34.3 %). Conclusion. Unfortunately, the work of primary healthcare organizations responsible for early detection of cancer has not led to significant changes in the incidence rates. (2020: 13.02 0/0000; 2008: 12.9858 0/0000) and mortality rates (2020: 7.4558 0/0000; 2008: 7.6158 0/0000). Cancer screening programs aimed not only at the early cancer detection, but also at the formation of groups being at high risk of cancer are necessary for improving cancer care in the Russian Far east region. These programs should be accompanied by the training of professional staff and the development of modern diagnostic and treatment regimens.Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π² 2008β20 Π³Π³. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π 2020 Π³. ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ 15,29 Β± 0,33 (2019 Π³. β 15,35 Β± 0,36) Π½Π° 100 ΡΡΡ. Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ ΡΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ 2008 Π³. -5,40 %. Π£ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 12,92 Β± 0,23 (2019 Π³. β 12,98 Β± 0,25) Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ° +5,95 %. Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 13,2 % (2008 Π³. β 1,3 %). ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ β 93,4 %, Π Π€ β 96,0 % (2008 Π³. β 84,3 %). Π£Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ 5 ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π»Π΅Ρ, β 52,7 %, Π Π€ β 55,0 % (2008 Π³. β 41,9 %). ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π½ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ 0,40. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ 8,73 Β± 0,12 (2019 Π³. β 8,72 Β± 0,13) Π½Π° 100 ΡΡΡ. Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ β 6,83 Β± 0,10 (2019 Π³. β 7,37 Β± 0,53). ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 25,0 % (2008 Π³. β 34,3 %). ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π²Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π° Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ, ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»Π° ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ (2020 Π³. β 13,02 0/0000; 2008 Π³. β 12,98 0/0000) ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (2020 Π³. β 7,45 0/0000; 2008 Π³. β 7,61 0/0000). ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Enhanced superchannel transmission using phase conjugation
We demonstrate polarisation insensitive dual-band optical phase conjugation for multiple 400Gbit/s optical superchannels using a Raman amplified transmission link with a realistic span length of 75km. The resultant increase in transmission distance is confirmed analytically
Π ΠΠ Π ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ£ΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ Π£ ΠΠΠΠ©ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ Π€ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π£ΠΠ
The aim of the study was to assess the incidence and mortality rates of female reproductive system cancer in the Far Eastern Federal District over the last ten years (2008β2017).Material and Methods. In our study we used statistical reports on the female reproductive system cancer incidence and mortality rates and 10-year follow-up data.Results. In 2017, 25155 new cases of female reproductive system cancer were diagnosed in the Far Eastern Federal District (26.6 % higher than in 2008). A total of 128776 patients (2.1 % of the population of the region) were followed up. Over the study period, there has been increase in the number of patients with stage IβII breast cancer (+4.8 %), cervical cancer (+6.3 %), uterine body (+3.9 %) and ovarian cancer (+5.7 %), with simultaneous reduction in the number of patients with advanced stages, except ovarian cancer (+5.0 %). For the past 10 years, cancer incidence rates have been steadily increasing, while cancer mortality rates have been decreasing with the exception of cervical cancer (+13.7 %). Morphological confirmation of the diagnosis (over 90 %) exceeded the national average ones. The number of patients followed-up for 5 or more years appeared to be lower than the average values in Russia; however the 1-year mortality rates after diagnosis improved. Ovarian cancer remains the most deadly of the gynecological cancers (22.9β27.9 %).Conclusion. Over the last ten years in the Far Eastern Federal District, in contrast to the overall decline in the mortality rates, there has been a steady increase in the incidence rates of female reproductive system cancer, except for cervical cancer.Β Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π΅ Π·Π° 2008β17 Π³Π³.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π·Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π² 2017 Π³. Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 25 155 Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π° 26,6 % Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄ (2008 Π³. β 19 846). ΠΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ 128 776 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΊ, Ρ.Π΅. 2,1 % Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ IβII ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π· (+4,8 %), ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ (+6,3 %), ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ (+3,9 %) ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² (+5,7 %) Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² (+5,0 %) Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ III ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 10 Π»Π΅Ρ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ, Π° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ (+13,7 %). ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° (ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ 90 %) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ. Π£Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ 5 ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π»Π΅Ρ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² (22,9β27,9 %).ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π° Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ XXI Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ.
Strong laser fields as a probe for fundamental physics
Upcoming high-intensity laser systems will be able to probe the
quantum-induced nonlinear regime of electrodynamics. So far unobserved QED
phenomena such as the discovery of a nonlinear response of the quantum vacuum
to macroscopic electromagnetic fields can become accessible. In addition, such
laser systems provide for a flexible tool for investigating fundamental
physics. Primary goals consist in verifying so far unobserved QED phenomena.
Moreover, strong-field experiments can search for new light but weakly
interacting degrees of freedom and are thus complementary to accelerator-driven
experiments. I review recent developments in this field, focusing on photon
experiments in strong electromagnetic fields. The interaction of
particle-physics candidates with photons and external fields can be
parameterized by low-energy effective actions and typically predict
characteristic optical signatures. I perform first estimates of the accessible
new-physics parameter space of high-intensity laser facilities such as POLARIS
and ELI.Comment: 7 pages, Key Lecture at the ELI Workshop and School on "Fundamental
Physics with Ultra-High Fields", 9 September - 2 October 2008 at Frauenworth
Monastery, German
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