Urbanonymic Terminology: Systems and Problems

The article is focused on the problem of ordering and adaptation of modern Russian onomastic terminology to its foreign, especially Western European versions. The material for the analysis was the terms and their definitions from the Dictionary of Russian Onomastic Terminology by N. V. Podolskaya, the list of basic terms of ICOS (International Council of Onomastic Sciences) and lists of basic terms and their definitions in English, French and German. The article shows the history of the Russian urbanonymic terminology, noting its systematic nature. At the same time, its shortcomings are pointed out: emergence of new meanings of the term urbanonym that are contrary to the recommendations of the dictionaries and are not included in the conceptual field of the toponym, which is a hypernym for it. The authors note the difficulties in adapting the Russian terminology under Western European, its inconsistency: the term odonym actually acts as a synonym of the Russian term urbanonym . At the same time, it can be argued that in the Western European tradition, in contrast to the Russian one, the complete concept of urbanonym and its hypero-hyponymic relations is missing. The revision of the list of basic ICOS onomastic terms is needed, introduction of a term similar to the Russian urbanonym , its precise definition, definition of the scope of the specific terms and its components

Toponymic Landscape of Shadrinsk in Aspect of Regional and Local Identity: A Sociolinguistic Study

This article addresses the issue of representing regional and local identity in urban toponymy. Based on a sociological interpretation of the phenomenon of territorial identity in an urban environment, the authors aim to identify how residents perceive the toponymic / urbanonymic landscape as a translator of local distinctiveness. The study was conducted in the Zaural city of Shadrinsk, founded in the 17th century. The research method involved a targeted survey of residents on the Internet, followed by socio- and linguocultural interpretation of the data obtained. The results of the study allowed for the identification of stable key characteristics in the established image of Shadrinsk among its residents. A discrepancy was found between the need to update the urbanonymic landscape by emphasizing its unique features and the insufficient efforts in this direction. Data was collected on preferred nominative themes for potential names, and new urbanonyms were proposed that could best support the city’s key characteristics and enhance the representation of its regional and local identity

Names of Residential Complexes: between Urbanonyms and Advertising Names

The question of the “borderline” status in the onomastic space of the new for the Russian language category of proper names - names of residential complexes - is considered. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that for the first time the onomastic status of the names of residential complexes is determined, and a comparative analysis of the two corps of such names collected in Yaroslavl and Yekaterinburg is carried out. The existing definitions are analyzed, possible terminological definitions of such proper names are developed. It is noted that these proper names are in field of meanings of term oykodomonym , but it is indicated that the names of residential complexes occupy an intermediate position in onomastic system: on the one hand, they fit into the category of urbanonyms, on the other hand, they are a form of advertising names. A new approach to the analysis of the names of residential complexes based on onomasiological grounds is proposed: the authors divide groups of names according to the degree of increasing the signs of proper name from descriptive designations to conditionally-symbolic nominations. The authors come to the conclusion that in the system of considered oykodomonyms two trends were formed: (1) embedding the name in an existing urbanisation given its identity and (2) creation of names that are not related to existing urban onomastic space. The analysis of the corps of Yekaterinburg and Yaroslavl names confirmed the border status of the considered proper names

“Ab Hoc Dispersione Nomen Rossicum”: G. S. Bayer’s Etymological Quest in the Context of the Scholarly Tradition

Поступила в редакцию: 10.10.2023. Принята к печати: 11.12.2023.Submitted: 10.10.2023. Accepted: 11.12.2023.Статья посвящена исследованию идей профессора Санкт-Петербургской Академии наук Готлиба Зигфрида Байера (1694–1738) о происхождении имени русь, отразившихся в незаконченном латинском тексте, напечатанном после смерти ученого в журнале Академии. Работая с этой ранее не переводившейся на русский язык публикацией, авторы статьи рассматривают критические комментарии и аргументы Байера против различных версий происхождения имени русь. Текст Байера является своеобразным каталогом гипотез, бытовавших в ученом мире в первой половине XVIII в. Все они с точки зрения современной науки могут считаться лишь наивными народными этимологиями или легендами (например, производство имени русь от древнего названия реки, сопоставление с библейским народом рош, обращение к легенде о братьях Лехе, Чехе и Русе, и т. п.). Эти версии подвергаются Байером справедливой и выдержанной в ироническом ключе критике. Опираясь на актуальные научные исследования представлений об этнической номинации, авторы помещают рассматриваемые версии в контекст дискуссий в историописании XVI–XVIII вв. Результаты анализа аргументов Байера показывают, что он зачастую весьма удачно использует свое знание древних и современных языков и исторического контекста для критики различных версий. В статье подробно рассмотрена и этимология, которой придерживается сам Байер. Согласно взглядам Байера, имя русского народа происходит от слова рассеяние. Эта этимология была предложена еще в XVI в. австрийским дипломатом С. Герберштейном и поддерживалась некоторыми польскими и немецкими учеными. Авторы показывают, что Байер находит для этой гипотезы дополнительные исторические и лингвистические аргументы, которые, конечно, не выдерживают критики с точки зрения современной науки. В статье отмечается влияние гипотезы Байера на идеи Г. Ф. Миллера. Авторы высказывают предположение, что определенное забвение гипотезы Байера связано с тем, что она противоречит его репутации «норманиста».This article examines the ideas on the origin of the name Rus (Russian: русь) formulated by Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer (1694–1738), a professor at the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Bayer expressed his observations in an unfinished Latin text published after his death in the journal of the Academy. Using this publication, which has never been translated into Russian, the authors of the article examine Bayer’s critical comments and objections to various versions of the origin of the name Rus. Bayer’s text is a kind of catalogue of hypotheses that existed in the academic world in the first half of the eighteenth century. From the point of view of modern scholarship, all of them can be regarded as naive folk etymologies or legends (for example, the creation of the name Rus from the ancient name of a river, its comparison with the biblical people of Rosch, or the appeal to the legend of the brothers Lech, Czech and Rus, etc.). These versions are subjected to a fair and ironic criticism by Bayer. Based on new research on ideas of ethnic nomination, the authors place the versions in the context of discussions in historical writings of the sixteenth–eighteenth centuries. The results of the analysis of Bayer’s arguments show that he often makes very good use of his knowledge of ancient and modern languages and of the historical context to criticise other people’s versions. The article also examines in detail the etymology to which Bayer himself adheres. According to Bayer, the name of the Russian people comes from the Slavic word рассеяние (“dispersion”). This etymology was proposed in the sixteenth century by the Austrian diplomat Siegmund von Herberstein and supported by some Polish and German scholars. The authors show that Bayer finds additional historical and linguistic arguments for this hypothesis, which, of course, do not withstand the criticism of contemporary scholarship. The article notes the influence of Bayer’s hypothesis on the ideas of G. F. Müller. The authors suppose that a certain forgetfulness of Bayer’s hypothesis is due to the fact that it contradicts his reputation as a “Normanist”.Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-28-01692, https://rscf.ru/project/23-28-01692/ («Народы Восточной Европы и начальная история Древней Руси в научном наследии Готлиба Байера»).The researc h is funded by the Russian Science Foundation, project 23-28-01692, https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-28-01692/ (“East European Peoples and Early History of Kievan Rus’ in Academic Legacy of Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer”)

Аттестация и продление срока годности новой серии отраслевого стандартного образца специфической активности и иммуногенности вакцины туляремийной живой

The article presents the results obtained in the study of a new batch of a candidate branch reference standard for live tularemic vaccine (vaccine BRS). The candidate vaccine BRS was represented by a commercial batch of a product that met all applicable requirements of the manufacturer’s monograph (MM) for live tularemic vaccine’s quality attributes. The candidate vaccine BRS was certified for specific activity including a range of parameters, such as: microbial cells concentration, percentage of living microbial cells, dissociation degree (percent of SR (white) immunogenic colonies from the total number of colonies grown), as well as immunogenicity. Results of analysis that addressed the use of this batch of vaccine BRS and its quality attributes made it possible to extend the shelf-life of the product for 6 months.В статье представлены результаты по изучению новой серии кандидата в отраслевой стандартный образец вакцины туляремийной живой (ОСО вакцины). В качестве кандидата в ОСО вакцины, использовали коммерческую серию препарата, удовлетворяющую требованиям фармакопейной статьи предприятия (ФСП) по всем показателям качества, предъявляемым к вакцине туляремийной живой. Кандидат в ОСО вакцины аттестован по показателю специфическая активность, включающей в себя комплекс показателей: концентрация микробных клеток, процент живых микробных клеток, степень диссоциации (процент SR (белых) иммуногенных колоний от общего количества выросших), а также иммуногенность. На основании анализа результатов применения и оценки показателей качества данной серии ОСО вакцины продлен срок годности ОСО на 6 мес

Международный опыт нормативно-правового регулирования препаратов, содержащих жизнеспособные клетки человека

The intensive development of cellular technologies stipulates the introduction at the global level of medicinal products based on viable human cells, which in most countries are referred to as biomedical cell products. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the regulatory framework in different countries and determined special aspects of regulation of cell therapy products (analogues of biomedical cell products). Some countries have mechanisms for priority review of cell therapy products for marketing authorization, such as accelerated assessment, accelerated approval, or conditional marketing authorisation. These mechanisms are currently absent in Russia, because of the novelty of the regulatory framework, and the biological properties of innovative cell products. Biomedical cell products are regarded as a separate class of medicinal products in Russia, they are not treated as biologicals and are regulated by the Federal Law No. 180-FZ «On Biomedical Cell Products» of June 23, 2016. The main difference in regulation of cell-based products in the Russian Federation is the principle of unified requirements for marketing authorisation of autologous, allogeneic, and combined biomedical cellular products, and the absence of the «hospital exemptions» mechanism that exists in many countries. This mechanism allows prescription and use of personalised autologous medicines produced in the laboratory of a medical institution for a particular patient.Интенсивное развитие клеточных технологий обусловливает внедрение в мировую медицинскую практику препаратов на основе жизнеспособных клеток человека, которые в большинстве стран определяются как биологические лекарственные препараты. Авторами проведен сравнительный анализ нормативно-правовой базы разных стран мира и определены особенности регулирования препаратов для клеточной терапии (аналогов биомедицинских клеточных продуктов). В некоторых странах существуют механизмы приоритетного рассмотрения препаратов для клеточной терапии для вывода на рынок, например процедуры ускоренного рассмотрения, ускоренного утверждения, условной регистрации. Учитывая новизну нормативной базы и биологические особенности инновационных препаратов — биомедицинских клеточных продуктов, в Российской Федерации подобные механизмы в настоящее время отсутствуют. Биомедицинские клеточные продукты в России являются отдельным классом медицинских средств, отличным от биологических лекарственных препаратов, и регулируются Федеральным законом № 180-ФЗ «О биомедицинских клеточных продуктах» от 23 июня 2016 г. Основным отличием регулирования клеточных препаратов в России является принцип единых требований вывода на рынок аутологичных, аллогенных и комбинированных биомедицинских клеточных продуктов и отсутствие механизма «исключения для больничного производства» (hospital exemptions), действующего во многих странах и заключающегося в допущении применения персонифицированного аутологичного препарата, произведенного в конкретной лаборатории при медицинской организации для определенного пациента по назначению конкретного врача

Features of developing SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein population-based seroprevalence during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in the Russian Federation

The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, dubbed COVID-19, has become one of the most serious challenges for human populations in the vast majority of countries worldwide. Rapid spreading and increased mortality related to it required new approaches to manage epidemic processes on a global scale. One of such approaches was based on analyzing SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence associated with COVID-19. Our aim was to summarize the results on assessing seroprevalence to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen (Nc) in residents from 26 regions of the Russian Federation, carried out during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic.Materials and methods. Seroprevalence distribution was examined in 26 model regions of the Russian Federation according to the unified method developed by the Rospotrebnadzor with the participation of the Federal State Institution Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. Such approach implied formation of a group of volunteer subjects in model geographic region who were tested by ELISA for anti-Nc serum antibody level in peripheral blood. Analyzed primary data obtained in separate regions were either accepted for publication or released.Results. The current paper finalizes the data obtained in all 26 regions of the Russian Federation. The total SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 19.5 (10.0–25.6)% with the maximum and minimum value found in the Kaliningrad Region and the Republic of Crimea, respectively (50.2% vs. 4.3%). A pattern of age-related seroprevalence distribution indicates insignificant predominance of seroprevalence among subjects of 1–17 years old: 22.1 (13.1–31.8)%. Among COVID-19 convalescents positive for SARS-CoV Nc antibodies it reached 60.0 (40.0–73.3)%. The number of contact persons comprised 6285 subjects or 8.5% of total volunteer cohort, with the level of seroprevalence reaching up to 25.3 (17.95–35.8)%. A direct correlation was revealed between levels of seroprevalence in convalescent and contact volunteers. In addition, the reproductive number for SARS-CoV was calculated comprising 5.8 (4.3–8.5) suggesting that one convalescent subject can infect at least 4 healthy individuals. A high level of asymptomatic forms of COVID-19 among seropositive subjects was confirmed empirically comprising up to 93.6 (87.1–94.9)%.Conclusion. A single cross-sectional study performed during 2020 June–August timeframe allowed to assess pattern of sex- and agerelated COVID-19 seroprevalence for general population in 26 Russian Federation regions. The data obtained may serve as a basis for the longitudinal cohort investigation with serial subject sampling. The timing and duration of study will be determined by dynamics of ongoing COVID-19 epidemic

Contamination as an actual word-formation model in medicine nomination

The article deals with the process of including of a special (pharmaceutical) word into everyday language: the nomenclature unit turns to be a common word and gets a symbolical sense