SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY OF FLUORESCENCE BY PHOTOBLEACHED SURFACE-ADSORBED PROTEINS

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73314/1/j.1751-1097.1995.tb05264.x.pd

Laughter in the Void

The odd and brilliant works of Daniil Kharms and Alexander Vvedenskii were lost to both Russia and the West for some thirty years. It was the misfortune of these writers to be nurtured in a period of literary experiment that was cut off suddenly just as they were starting out. Their first steps, taken under the aegis of an antic literary group called Oberiu, turned out to be the only public testament of their career, and to this day Oberiu remains the touchstone of their notoriety in the West. The connection is unfortunate, because the silence that was forced on the group became paradoxically the silence under which Kharms and Vvedenskii matured as writers. Their later works, masterpieces of black humor with an infusion of the sacred, are firmly rooted in the Russian tradition, and bear comparison with the finest works of the European theater of the absurd. </P

Laughter in the Void

The odd and brilliant works of Daniil Kharms and Alexander Vvedenskii were lost to both Russia and the West for some thirty years. It was the misfortune of these writers to be nurtured in a period of literary experiment that was cut off suddenly just as they were starting out. Their first steps, taken under the aegis of an antic literary group called Oberiu, turned out to be the only public testament of their career, and to this day Oberiu remains the touchstone of their notoriety in the West. The connection is unfortunate, because the silence that was forced on the group became paradoxically the silence under which Kharms and Vvedenskii matured as writers. Their later works, masterpieces of black humor with an infusion of the sacred, are firmly rooted in the Russian tradition, and bear comparison with the finest works of the European theater of the absurd. </P

System of Health Accounts (2011) and Health Satellite Accounts (2005): Application in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Health accounting data that show economic and financial resource flows within a health system are critical to informing health and economic policy – at both national and international levels. However, countries vary widely in their health accounting histories as well as the demand for and capacity to produce these data. A new brief, System of Health Accounts and Health Satellite Accounts, introduces two prominent health accounting approaches – the System of Health Accounts (SHA), developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and its partners, and the Health Satellite Accounts (HSA) developed by the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for the Americas. Written for non-technical policymakers and other stakeholders, this brief compares the SHA and HSA approaches to health accounting in terms of their objectives and content, standardization and scope, and data requirements, and highlights the implications of this comparison for low- and middle-income countries

System of Health Accounts (2011) and Health Satellite Accounts (2005): Application in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Health accounting data that show economic and financial resource flows within a health system are critical to informing health and economic policy – at both national and international levels. However, countries vary widely in their health accounting histories as well as the demand for and capacity to produce these data. A new brief, System of Health Accounts and Health Satellite Accounts, introduces two prominent health accounting approaches – the System of Health Accounts (SHA), developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and its partners, and the Health Satellite Accounts (HSA) developed by the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for the Americas. Written for non-technical policymakers and other stakeholders, this brief compares the SHA and HSA approaches to health accounting in terms of their objectives and content, standardization and scope, and data requirements, and highlights the implications of this comparison for low- and middle-income countries

Taxes on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages to Reduce Overweight and Obesity in Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review

Background: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), which can lead to weight gain, is rising in middle-income countries (MICs). Taxing SSBs may help address this challenge. Systematic reviews focused on high-income countries indicate that taxing SSBs may reduce SSB consumption. Responsiveness to price changes may differ in MICs, where governments are considering the tax. To help inform their policy decisions, this review compiles evidence from MICs, assessing post-tax price increases (objective 1), changes in demand for SSBs and other products, overall and by socio-economic groups (objective 2), and effects on overweight and obesity prevalence (objective 3). Methods and Findings: We conducted a systematic review on the effectiveness of SSB taxation in MICs (1990–2016) and identified nine studies from Brazil, Ecuador, India, Mexico, Peru, and South Africa. Estimates for own-price elasticity ranged from -0.6 to -1.2, and decreases in SSB consumption ranged from 5 to 39 kilojoules per person per day given a 10% increase in SSB prices. The review found that milk is a likely substitute, and foods prepared away from home, snacks, and candy are likely complements to SSBs. A quasi-experimental study and two modeling studies also found a negative relationship between SSB prices and obesity outcomes after accounting for substitution effects. Estimates are consistent despite variation in baseline obesity prevalence and per person per day consumption of SSBs across countries studied. Conclusions: The review indicates that taxing SSBs will increase the prices of SSBs, especially sugary soda, in markets with few producers. Taxing SSBs will also reduce net energy intake by enough to prevent further growth in obesity prevalence, but not to reduce population weight permanently. Additional research using better survey data and stronger study designs is needed to ascertain the long-term effectiveness of an SSB tax on obesity prevalence in MICs