Extrinsic Fluorescent Dyes as Tools for Protein Characterization

Noncovalent, extrinsic fluorescent dyes are applied in various fields of protein analysis, e.g. to characterize folding intermediates, measure surface hydrophobicity, and detect aggregation or fibrillation. The main underlying mechanisms, which explain the fluorescence properties of many extrinsic dyes, are solvent relaxation processes and (twisted) intramolecular charge transfer reactions, which are affected by the environment and by interactions of the dyes with proteins. In recent time, the use of extrinsic fluorescent dyes such as ANS, Bis-ANS, Nile Red, Thioflavin T and others has increased, because of their versatility, sensitivity and suitability for high-throughput screening. The intention of this review is to give an overview of available extrinsic dyes, explain their spectral properties, and show illustrative examples of their various applications in protein characterization

Risk factors for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) death in a population cohort study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa

BACKGROUND. Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) death in sub-Saharan Africa and the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis on COVID-19 outcomes are unknown. METHODS. We conducted a population cohort study using linked data from adults attending public-sector health facilities in the Western Cape, South Africa. We used Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, sex, location, and comorbidities, to examine the associations between HIV, tuberculosis, and COVID-19 death from 1 March to 9 June 2020 among (1) public-sector “active patients” (≥1 visit in the 3 years before March 2020); (2) laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases; and (3) hospitalized COVID-19 cases. We calculated the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for COVID-19, comparing adults living with and without HIV using modeled population estimates. RESULTS. Among 3 460 932 patients (16% living with HIV), 22 308 were diagnosed with COVID-19, of whom 625 died. COVID- 19 death was associated with male sex, increasing age, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. HIV was associated with COVID-19 mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.70–2.70), with similar risks across strata of viral loads and immunosuppression. Current and previous diagnoses of tuberculosis were associated with COVID-19 death (aHR, 2.70 [95% CI, 1.81–4.04] and 1.51 [95% CI, 1.18–1.93], respectively). The SMR for COVID-19 death associated with HIV was 2.39 (95% CI, 1.96–2.86); population attributable fraction 8.5% (95% CI, 6.1–11.1). CONCLUSIONS. While our findings may overestimate HIV- and tuberculosis-associated COVID-19 mortality risks due to residual confounding, both living with HIV and having current tuberculosis were independently associated with increased COVID-19 mortality. The associations between age, sex, and other comorbidities and COVID-19 mortality were similar to those in other settings.The Western Cape Provincial Health Data Centre from the Western Cape Department of Health, the US National Institutes for Health (grant numbers R01 HD0804, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the United States Agency for International Development and the Wellcome Trust.https://academic.oup.com/cid/am2023Veterinary Tropical Disease

Memperkecil District Magnitude, Menuju Multipartai Sederhana di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia

Sejak memasuki Era Reformasi, Indonesia melalui amandemen Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 (UUD 1945) telah meneguhkan komitmen terhadap sistem pemerintahan presidensial, namun sistem kepartaian yang terbangun (multipartisme ekstrem) justru tidak kompatibel dengan sistem tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan memaparkan inkompatibilitas tersebut sepanjang perjalanannya hingga masa sekarang. Dengan metode penelitian doktrinal dan pendekatan sejarah di dalamnya, penelitian ini menemukan konsekuensi multipartisme ekstrem yang tidak menguntungkan bagi pemerintahan Indonesia mewujud ke dalam beberapa bentuk, mulai dari impeachment sampai dengan koalisi yang justru menyandera. Ini memberi sinyal bahwa secara subtil sesuatu perlu dilakukan untuk penyederhanaan sistem multipartai di Indonesia, termasuk dengan memperkecil apa yang dinamakan district magnitude

Hubungan tingkat pemahaman konsep politik dalam materi Pendidikan kewarganegaraan (PKn) dengan tingkat aspirasi politik pemilih pemula pada siswa SMA Negeri 13 Bandar Lampung tahun pelajaran 2009/2010

Program Studi : Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan, Jurusan : Pendidikan IPS *** Skripsi (Sarjana Pendidikan). -- Unila, Bandar Lampung, 2010 *** Bibliografi hlm. 70-71xvii, 71 hlm. :il. ;28 cm. . --Lamp. (41 lembar

EFFECT OF N APPLICATON AND N SPLITING STRATEGY ON MAIZE N UPTAKE, BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND PHYSIO-AGRONOMIC CHARACTERSTICS Effect of N application and N spliting strategy on maize N uptake, biomass production and physio-agronomic characteristics. Sarhad J.

ABSTRAC

Antileishmanial effect of silver nanoparticles: Green synthesis, characterization, in vivo and in vitro assessment

The drugs used to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cannot effectively penetrate lesions. Nanogold and nanosilver have been used for treating or enhancing drug delivery in CL. The present study used Commiphora molmol (myrrh) to synthesize silver nanoparticles (MSNPs). The MSNPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. In addition, antiparasitic effect of myrrh silver nanoparticles (MSNPs) was assessed on Leishmania major both in vitro and in vivo. Five concentrations of MSNPs (10, 50, 80, 100, and 150 μl/100 μL) were used to study their effect on L. major cultures in vitro, and MSNPs were also applied topically to subcutaneous lesions in mice in vivo. The results showed that the MSNPs were 49.09 nm in size. MSNPs, showed a marked and significant (p ≤ 0.05) growth inhibition of L. major promastigotes which was concentration dependent. Overall, the higher concentrations (100, 150 μl/100 μL had a significantly greater inhibitory effect for the MSNPs in comparison to the chemical nanoparticles (CNPs) and pentostam at the same concentrations. Lesions healed completely in 21 d after MSNP treatment in vivo, while pentostam, a commercial drug, and CNPs showed a moderate healing effect on the lesions. Thus, MSNPs were more effective than pentostam and CNPs both in the in vivo and in vitro studies. MSNPs can therefore be promising candidates for various nanomedicine applications

Synergistic Effects of Bimetallic PtPd/TiO₂ Nanocatalysts in Oxidation of Glucose to Glucaric Acid: Structure Dependent Activity and Selectivity

Direct oxidation of glucose with enhanced selectivity to glucaric acid with tartronic and oxalic acids as coproducts is reported using bimetallic PtPd/TiO₂ catalysts under mild conditions. Bimetallic PtPd catalysts display significantly enhanced catalytic activity (turnover frequency (TOF) 2404 h^–1) and improved selectivity to glucaric acid (<i>S</i> 44%) in glucose oxidation compared to monometallic catalysts (TOF 248 h^–1, <i>S</i> 4%). Oxidation of glucose follows a consecutive reaction with gluconic acid as an intermediate with inhibition of the second step (to glucaric acid and C–C cleavage reactions) by the presence of glucose. Surface characterization using TEM, SEM, chemisorption, UV–vis spectroscopy, and XRD distinguished the particle morphologies and provided insights into structure–activity relations. A reaction pathway for glucose oxidation is proposed based on the product distribution. These results provide new insights into the design of bimetallic catalysts for the oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid