Draining irrigation areas

Many irrigation schemes throughout the world have turned into unproductive saline flats and swamps. This dramatic change can occur within a few years of irrigation starting and has been part of irrigation schemes from earliest times up to the present day. The main cause of this salinisation is normally excess irrigation water use combined with poor drainage. Any form of waterlogging will have an adverse effect on plant growth

Topographical Studies of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

All four subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in membrane vesicles isolated from Torpedo californica have been labeled with the photoactivated hydrophobic probe, [3H]adamantanediazirine, which selectively labels regions of integral membrane proteins in contact with the hydrocarbon core of the lipid bilayer. As all of the homologous subunits are exposed to the lipid bilayer, it is probable that they each interact with the surrounding membrane in a similar fashion. All four subunits of the acetylcholine receptor in membrane vesicles isolated from Torpedo californica have been labeled with [3H]cholesteryl diazoacetate. As this probe incorporates into lipid bilayers analogously to cholesterol, this result indicates that acetylcholine receptor interacts with cholesterol. This investigation also demonstrates that this probe is a useful reagent for studying the interaction of cholesterol with membrane proteins. Since the photogenerated carbene is situated near the lipid-water interface, this probe has potential as a topographic tool for mapping membrane protein structure. The labeling studies with both [3H]adamantanediazirine and [3H]cholesteryl diazoacetate support the concept that the acetylcholine receptor is a pseudosymmetric complex of homologous subunits, all of which interact with and span the membrane. The syntheses of the fluorine-containing agonists for the Torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, fluoroacetylcholine bromide and p-fluorophenyltrimethylammonium iodide, are described. It is demonstrated that both are agonists using a cation flux assay with acetylcholine receptor enriched membrane vesicles. The potential for their use in ligand binding studies using 19F NMR spectroscopy is discussed. The affinity cleavage reagent, p-thiocyanophenyltrimethylammonium iodide, specifically cleaves a peptide bond of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in membrane vesicles isolated from Torpedo californica. It is demonstrated that this reagent is an agonist using a cation flux assay. The cleavage is blocked by stoichiometric quantities of α-bungarotoxin. The yield of the cleavage reaction is reduced with addition of the agonist, phenyltrimethylammonium iodide. This affinity cleavage reaction provides evidence for a low-affinity binding site for agonists on the 60K subunit.</p

Intracerebroventricular Ghrelin Administration Increases Depressive-Like Behavior in Male Juvenile Rats

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is arguably the largest contributor to the global disease and disability burden, but very few treatment options exist for juvenile MDD patients. Ghrelin is the principal hunger-stimulating peptide, and it has also been shown to reduce depressive-like symptoms in adult rodents. We examined the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of ghrelin on depressive-like behavior. Moreover, we determined whether ghrelin increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Ghrelin (0.2-nM, 0.5-nM, and 1.0-nM) was administered acutely by icv injection to juvenile rats to determine the most effective dose (0.5-nM) by a validated feeding behavior test and using the forced swim test (FST) as an indicator of depressive-like behavior. 0.5-nM ghrelin was then administered icv against an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) vehicle control to determine behavioral changes in the tail suspension test (TST) as an indicator of depressive-like behavior. Neurogenesis was investigated using a mitogenic paradigm, as well as a neurogenic paradigm to assess whether ghrelin altered neurogenesis. Newborn hippocampal cells were marked using 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) administered intraperitoneally (ip) at either the end or the beginning of the experiment for the mitogenic and neurogenic paradigms, respectively. We found that ghrelin administration increased immobility time in the TST. Treatment with ghrelin did not change mitogenesis or neurogenesis. These results suggest that ghrelin administration does not have an antidepressant effect in juvenile rats. In contrast to adult rodents, ghrelin increases depressive-like behavior in male juvenile rats. These results highlight the need to better delineate differences in the neuropharmacology of depressive-like behavior between juvenile and adult rodents

Exploring the attitudes of students undertaking sports degrees towards online international learning

Abstract Aims: There is an increased focus on the internationalisation of the learning experiences of university students1. One way this can be achieved is through ‘virtual internationalisation’2, which can be promoted through the use of Online International Learning (OIL) programmes. This article on sport pedagogy investigates the attitudes of sport students to such a programme. Methods: This article uses quantitative and qualitative methods. 63 students completed a survey and wrote reflective reports. Data was collected from a survey of 16 targeted questions addressing the attitudes of students towards the programme. Students also wrote reflective reports on their experiences, allowing for qualitative responses to be analysed. Results: 62% of students surveyed found the internationalised module to have been a worthwhile experience in terms of learning new skills and working with a partner from an institution based in another continent. 65% suggested that they learned skills on the internationalised module they would use again in education and in future employment. Students from European Union countries gave high rates of positive feedback. 100% reported that the module was a worthwhile experience, compared to 60% of UK students and 38% of international students from outside the European Union. Conclusion: 62% of students surveyed stated that they learned new skills, and there was a perceived value to the programme in terms of enhancing employment prospects. Virtual mobilities projects offer a possible method for tutors to give students international experiences, which is important as sport is now a globalised industry

Raising the participation age in historical perspective : Policy learning from the past?

The raising of the participation age (RPA) to 17 in 2013 and 18 in 2015 marks a historic expansion of compulsory education. Despite the tendency of New Labour governments to eschew historical understanding and explanation, RPA was conceived with the benefit of an analysis of previous attempts to extend compulsion in schooling. This paper assesses the value of a historical understanding of education policy. The period from inception to the projected implementation of RPA is an extended one which has crossed over the change of government, from Labour to Coalition, in 2010. The shifting emphases and meanings of RPA are not simply technical issues but connect to profound historical and social changes. An analysis of the history of the raising of the school leaving age reveals many points of comparison with the contemporary situation. In a number of key areas it is possible to gain insights into the ways in which the study of the past can help to comprehend the present: the role of human capital, the structures of education, in curriculum development and in terms of preparations for change

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory - Contributions to ICRC 2015 Part II: Atmospheric and Astrophysical Diffuse Neutrino Searches of All Flavors

Papers on atmospheric and astrophysical diffuse neutrino searches of all flavors submitted to the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2015, The Hague) by the IceCube Collaboration.Comment: 66 pages, 36 figures, Papers submitted to the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference, The Hague 2015, v2 has a corrected author lis

A combined maximum-likelihood analysis of the high-energy astrophysical neutrino flux measured with IceCube

Evidence for an extraterrestrial flux of high-energy neutrinos has now been found in multiple searches with the IceCube detector. The first solid evidence was provided by a search for neutrino events with deposited energies $\gtrsim30$ TeV and interaction vertices inside the instrumented volume. Recent analyses suggest that the extraterrestrial flux extends to lower energies and is also visible with throughgoing, $\nu_\mu$-induced tracks from the Northern hemisphere. Here, we combine the results from six different IceCube searches for astrophysical neutrinos in a maximum-likelihood analysis. The combined event sample features high-statistics samples of shower-like and track-like events. The data are fit in up to three observables: energy, zenith angle and event topology. Assuming the astrophysical neutrino flux to be isotropic and to consist of equal flavors at Earth, the all-flavor spectrum with neutrino energies between 25 TeV and 2.8 PeV is well described by an unbroken power law with best-fit spectral index $-2.50\pm0.09$ and a flux at 100 TeV of $\left(6.7_{-1.2}^{+1.1}\right)\cdot10^{-18}\,\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}\mathrm{s}^{-1}\mathrm{sr}^{-1}\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$. Under the same assumptions, an unbroken power law with index $-2$ is disfavored with a significance of 3.8 $\sigma$ ($p=0.0066\%$) with respect to the best fit. This significance is reduced to 2.1 $\sigma$ ($p=1.7\%$) if instead we compare the best fit to a spectrum with index $-2$ that has an exponential cut-off at high energies. Allowing the electron neutrino flux to deviate from the other two flavors, we find a $\nu_e$ fraction of $0.18\pm0.11$ at Earth. The sole production of electron neutrinos, which would be characteristic of neutron-decay dominated sources, is rejected with a significance of 3.6 $\sigma$ ($p=0.014\%$).Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures; accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal; updated one referenc