Fuzzy Implications: Some Recently Solved Problems

In this chapter we discuss some open problems related to fuzzy implications, which have either been completely solved or those for which partial answers are known. In fact, this chapter also contains the answer for one of the open problems, which is hitherto unpublished. The recently solved problems are so chosen to reflect the importance of the problem or the significance of the solution. Finally, some other problems that still remain unsolved are stated for quick reference

The intricacies of dinoflagellate pellicle cysts: The example of Alexandrium minutum cysts from a bloom-recurrent area (Bay of Baiona,NW Spain)

The terms “temporary”, “pellicle,” and “ecdysal” cysts have been employed arbitrarily in the literature of the dinoflagellate life cycle to describe a non-motile and single-layered-wall stage with no mandatory dormancy period, of asexual or sexual origin. These three terms have been used more or less synonymously, but more specific definitions, taking into account morphological and physiological aspects and their roles in dinoflagellate population dynamics, are still needed. To clarify the current terminology, we examine and discuss the usages and foundations of those terms. The background for this discussion is provided by a comparison of the morphology and germination times of three different types of Alexandrium minutum cysts collected during a seasonal bloom in the Bay of Baiona (NW Spain). The double-walled cysts were similar to the resting cysts reported for this species, but other, thin-walled and thecate cysts were also observed. These latter cysts needed between 1 and 17 days to germinate and were therefore considered as short-term cysts, in contrast to the 1.5-month dormancy period of resting (hypnozygotic) cysts. Our results showed that the temporal distribution of these short-term cysts during the bloom period followed a pattern very similar to that of vegetative cells. However, resting cysts were only detected at the end of the bloom. In the context of our present knowledge regarding the dormancy and quiescence of dinoflagellate cysts, “temporary” is a very misleading and uncertain term and must be rejected. The term “ecdysal” has been used in reference to thin-walled cysts when ecdysis has been proved; however, ecdysis is not unique to this type of cysts as thick-walled zygotic cysts can be formed thorough ecdysis of a thecate planozygote. In conclusion, based on our current understanding of cysts, the term “pellicle” more appropriately describes single-layered-wall stages.Versión del editor2,277

Bloom dynamics and life cycle strategies of two toxic dinoflagellates in a coastal upwelling system (NW Iberian Peninsula)

A study of Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium minutum blooms on the Galician coast was conducted from 2005 to 2007 in order to increase knowledge of the mechanisms governing recurrent blooms of these species. Considerable differences in their bloom dynamics were observed. G. catenatum blooms occurred in autumn and winter, following the pattern previously reported in the literature: they began offshore and were advected to the Galician rias when a relaxation of the coastal upwelling occurred. On the other hand, A. minutum blooms developed inside embayments in spring and summer during the upwelling season and were associated with water stability and stratification. Both the vegetative population and the cyst distribution of A. minutum were related to less saline water from freshwater river outputs, which supports a saline-gradient relationship postulated herein for this species. Dinoflagellates may produce both long-term double-walled cysts (resting) and short-term pellicle cysts. Resting cyst deposition and distribution in sediments showed that seeding occurred during the blooms of both species. However, the relationship between the cyst distribution in the sediments in Baiona Bay and the intensity and occurrence of G. catenatum blooms, suggests that the latter are not directly related to resting cyst germination. Moreover, the results presented in the present study point to other difference between the two species, such as the detection of pellicle cysts only for A. minutum. Finally we discuss how the life cycle strategies of these two species may help to explain the different mechanisms of bloom formation reported herein.Versión del editor2,277

Acyloxylation of Cyclic Enones: Synthesis of Densely Oxygenated Guaianolides

The α′-acyloxylation of cyclic enones with linear carboxylic acids is described. The reaction is promoted by KMnO4 in the presence of a carboxylic acid and its corresponding carboxylic anhydride. The optimization of the reaction has been carried out using the statistical methodology known as design of experiments. The optimized reaction conditions have been evaluated in terms of substrate scope and compatibility with different functional groups. The methodology has been applied to the synthesis of densely oxygenated guaianes and guaianolides

Allylic Oxidation of Alkenes Catalyzed by a Copper−Aluminum Mixed Oxide

A strategy for the allylic oxidation of cyclic alkenes with a copper−aluminum mixed oxide as catalyst is presented. The reaction involves the treatment of an alkene with a carboxylic acid employing tert-butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant. In all cases, the corresponding allylic esters are obtained. When L-proline is employed, the allylic alcohol or ketone is obtained. The oxidation of cyclohexene and valencene has been optimized by design of experiments (DoE) statistical methodology

Análisis del switch guiado por farmacocinética de factores VIII de semivida estándar a factores de semivida extendida

CO-170 Introducción y objetivos: Los factores VIII (FVIII) de semivida extendida (EHL) han mostrado en los ensayos clínicos mejoras de al menos 1, 3 veces la semivida plasmática (t1/2) y 1, 25 veces el área bajo la curva (AUC) respecto a los FVIII estándar (SHL). Herramientas basadas en modelos farmacocinéticos (PK) poblacionales permiten estimar los parámetros PK individuales y ajustar la profilaxis. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el switch PK-guiado de SHL a EHL en pacientes con hemofilia A (HA). Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico comparativo, cruzado, prospectivo que analiza las diferencias PK tras el cambio de factores SHL a EHL (Elocta® y Adynovi®) en pacientes con HA grave/moderada en profilaxis. Se ha empleado el PopPK WAPPS-Hemo® con 2-3 muestras para realizar un perfil PK individualizado de los valores de FVIII. Los parámetros PK analizados son: t1/2, AUC, nivel pico (NP), nivel valle a las 24, 48 y/o 72 h (NV24/NV48/NV72) y tiempo para alcanzar niveles de FVIII del 5%, 2% y 1% (T5%/T2%/T1%). También analizamos los ratios de t1/2 y AUC, el nº dosis semanales y la dosis/kg/semana. Para comparar los parámetros PK entre ambos periodos empleamos los test de Wilcoxon y Kruskal-Wallis (SPSS®). Los resultados se expresaron con la mediana y el rango o rango intercuartílico (RIC). Resultados: Se han analizado 64 pacientes procedentes de 8 hospitales españoles (48 switch a Elocta® y 16 a Adynovi®), 62 con HA grave y 2 con HA moderada, con una mediana de edad de 32 años (rango=5-64) y sin diferencias en el peso entre ambos periodo [71, 0 (rango=12-116) vs 72, 0 (16, 9- 116) kg; p=0, 156]. La dosis/kg/semana se redujo tras el switch a EHL [74, 5 (RIC:59, 2-108, 1) vs 69, 2 (RIC:46, 2-96, 7) UI/kg/semana; p<0, 0001], así como ..

Revisión y Control del Plan de Vigilancia Ambiental de las obras de dragado del Puerto de Maó

Se integra información hidrográfica, geomorfológica, sedimentológica y biológica, para la caracterización de los ecosistemas marinos en el punto de vertido y área adyacente previa al inicio de las obras de dragado del Puerto de Maó.RESUMEN: En este documento se presentan los trabajos científicos realizados por el Instituto Español de Oceanografía, dentro del Plan de Vigilancia Ambiental del dragado del Puerto de Maó (Menorca, Islas Baleares), para la caracterización de los ecosistema marino en el punto de vertido y área adyacente, previa al inicio de las obras. Se incluyen los resultados y las conclusiones de los estudios realizados por diversos grupos de investigación, principalmente en Enero-Marzo 2014, en relación al fondo marino, la hidrodinámica, las praderas de Posidonia oceanica y el molusco bivalvo Pinna nobilis, el macro-bentos de los fondos circalitorales blandos y los contaminantes en agua, sedimentos y biota, así como en especies de interés comercial para el consumo humano. Este informe se contempla en el contrato entre la Autoridad Portuaria de Baleares y el Instituto Español de Oceanografía, suscrito el 5 Febrero 2014, para los trabajos de asistencia técnica para la revisión y control del Plan de Vigilancia Ambiental del dragado del Puerto de Maó.RESUM: En aquest document es presenten els treballs científics realitzats per l’Instituto Español de Oceanografía, dins del Pla de Vigilància Ambiental del dragat del Port de Maó (Menorca, Illes Balears), per a la caracterització dels ecosistemes marins en el punt de vessament i àrea adjacent, prèvia a l’inici de les obres. S’inclouen els resultats i les conclusions del estudis realitzats per diversos grups de recerca, principalment durant Gener-Març 2014, en relació al fons marí, la hidrodinàmica, les praderies de Posidonia oceanica i el mol•lusc bivalve Pinna nobilis, el macro-bentos dels fons circalitorals tous i els contaminants en aigua, sediments i biota, així com en espècies d’interès comercial pel consum humà. Aquest informe es contempla en el contracte entre l’Autoritat Portuària de Balears i el Instituto Español de Oceanografía, subscrit el 5 Febrer 2014, pels treballs d’assistència tècnica per a la revisió i control del Pla de Vigilància Ambiental del dragat de Port de Maó.ABSTRACT: This document presents the scientific actions developed by the Instituto Español de Oceanografía within the Environmental Monitoring Plan of the works of dredging the Port of Maó (Minorca, Balearic Islands), for the characterization of the marine ecosystems in the point of discharge of dredged material and adjacent area, before the beginning of the dredging. The results and conclusions of the studies developed by several research groups, mainly in January-March 2014, in relation to the bottom, hydrodynamics, Posidonia oceanica meadows, and the bivalve mollusc Pinna nobilis, the macro-benthos of the circalittoral soft bottoms and the contaminants in water, sediments and biota, as well as in commercial species for human consumption, are included. This report is contemplated within the contract between the Autoridad Portuaria de Baleares and the Instituto Español de Oceanografía, signed on 5 February 2014, for the technical assistance activities to review and control the Environmental Monitoring Plan of the works of dredging the Port of Maó.Autoridad Portuaria de Baleare

On some properties of (h,e)-implications. distributivities with t-norms and t-conorms.

In this paper some basic properties of (h, e)-implications are studied. This kind of implications has been recently introduced (see [29]). They are implications generated from an additive generator of a representable uninorm in a similar way of Yager’s f- and gimplications which are generated from additive generators of continuous Archimedean t-norms and t-conorms, respectively. In addition, they satisfy a classical property of some types of implications derived from uninorms that is I(e,y) = y for all y ∈ [0,1]. Moreover they are examples of fuzzy implications satisfying the exchange principle but not the law of importation for any t-norm, in fact for any function F : [0,1] 2 → [0,1]. On the other hand, the distributivities with conjunctions and disjunctions (t-norms and t-conorms) are also studied leading to new solutions of the corresponding functional equations. Finally, it is proved that they do not intersect with any of the most used classes of implications