Phytotherapeutic and naturopathic adjuvant therapies in otorhinolaryngology

Phytotherapeutic pharmaceuticals and herbal medicinal products with its roots in classical phytotherapeutic medicine have a well-established role in otolaryngological therapy, especially for diseases of the upper airways and acute and chronic infections. A thorough selection and application could mean huge benefit for the patient, in particular in cases with contraindications, chemo- and antibiotic resistance or patient request. Besides, it might spare other medications. Phytotherapeutic pharmaceuticals must fulfil the same criteria of quality, effectiveness and harmlessness of evidence-based medicine like chemical pharmaceuticals, although they are often prescribed due to its well established or traditional based use. This review focuses on phytotherapeutic therapies well established within the European Community for otolaryngologic disease patterns by referring to clinical studies or meta-analysis

MOTIVASI MASYARAKAT DALAM MENGELOLA HUTAN RAKYAT DI DESA NGLANGGERAN, KECAMATAN PATUK, KABUPATEN GUNUNG KIDUL, DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

Community forest is one form of natural resources management based on community initiatives. The development of community forest is done byowned society land. The kind of plant planted is wood and agriculture which can be used for society itself or sold for increasing income. Community forest management takes important roles on fulfilling needs of Nglanggeran villagers. This research is aimed on knowing the history of community forest management, society motivation on managing community forest and the influence of motivation in the action of Nglanggeran villagers on managing community forest. The research was conducted in Nglanggeran Village, Patuk Region, GunungKidul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region. This research used qualitative approach with phenomenology method. Data collection is done by location observation, deeply interview using interview guide and documentation study. Then, the analysis method of qualitative data based on Miles and Huberman (1984) is used on data analyzing. Based on the research result, known that the history of forest community in Nglanggeran Village has been developing which is parted into four periods. They are before 1960, 1961-1973, 1974-1993 and 1993 Forming Joint Farm Group in 2007 until wood certifications was done in 2013. Nglanggeran villagers face forest as a place for earning with planting. Society motivation managing community forest is a motivation for maintaining life, safe, caring and loving, and also self-regard. Motivation is a psychiatric phenomenon pushing human to do what they want to achieve. Strong motivation in Nglanggeran villagers on managing community forest ignites efforts for achieving aims and hopes until satisfaction has been reached

Side pockets provide the basis for a new mechanism of Kv channel–specific inhibition

Most known small-molecule inhibitors of voltage-gated ion channels have poor subtype specificity because they interact with a highly conserved binding site in the central cavity. Using alanine-scanning mutagenesis, electrophysiological recordings and molecular modeling, we have identified a new drug-binding site in Kv1.x channels. We report that Psora-4 can discriminate between related Kv channel subtypes because, in addition to binding the central pore cavity, it binds a second, less conserved site located in side pockets formed by the backsides of S5 and S6, the S4–S5 linker, part of the voltage sensor and the pore helix. Simultaneous drug occupation of both binding sites results in an extremely stable nonconducting state that confers high affinity, cooperativity, use-dependence and selectivity to Psora-4 inhibition of Kv1.x channels. This new mechanism of inhibition represents a molecular basis for the development of a new class of allosteric and selective voltage-gated channel inhibitors

In Silico Identification of PAP-1 Binding Sites in the Kv1.2 Potassium Channel

Voltage-gated potassium channels of the Kv1 family play a crucial role in the generation and transmission of electrical signals in excitable cells affecting neuronal and cardiac activities. Small-molecule blockage of these channels has been proposed to occur via a cooperative mechanism involving two main blocking sites: the inner-pore site located below the selectivity filter, and a side-pocket cavity located between the pore and the voltage sensor. Using 0.5 μs molecular dynamics simulation trajectories complemented by docking calculations, the potential binding sites of the PAP-1 (5-(4-phenoxybutoxy)­psoralen) blocker to the crystal structure of Kv1.2 channel have been studied. The presence of both mentioned blocking sites at Kv1.2 is confirmed, adding evidence in favor of a cooperative channel blockage mechanism. These observations provide insight into drug modulation that will guide further developments of Kv inhibitors