Life of Disabled People in Sangam Literature

Sangha literature is a very old literature both in terms of time and concept. The Sangam literature proclaims the high culture of ancient Tamil people. Society is an organization in which many people live together. Community is a subdivision of society; individual interest is safe guarded in a community living together as an ethnic group. A society is an environment where a man can live harmoniously both alone and in contact with other people. Both abled and disabled people live in this society. Disability happens both naturally and artificially. There are songs in literature that give confidence to disabled people that even if there are shortcomings, you can overcome the shortcomings and make progress in life. This article explores the value, lifestyle, and problems faced by disabled person during Sangam era

Sociological View of Purananuru

Creating a society not based on religion, caste and language is a major social change. In the history of Tamil literature, Sangha literature carries the treasure trove of ideas that should be written down in the golden book. When we read the Sangam literary life, we come know about the life of ancient Tamill people and how they lived in the society. Many thinks that the text Purananuru is only about the war but there are many ideas embedded in it which are very useful to human beings. This text is a guide and it tells how a man should be in a social system, what way of life should be followed by him and thus all these rules form as a theory in his own mind and he lives accordingly. The thoughts and actions of all human beings in the world are centred around the satisfaction of their soul. The text also tells the reader how a man cares for the welfare of the society, without selfishness. It also describes that educational progress leads to social progress. This article proves that the text Purananuru provides good social thoughts to the society

Sepulchral Stone (Nadukal) Worship to Courageous Warriors in Purananooru

The tradition of society is determined by the condition of the people living in that society. The Sangam Tamils gave a special place to their proud heroism in life. In the Tamil literary tradition, heroism has been taught as an important part of the people of the Sangam age. The hero feels sorry for the days when he was not physically hurt in the war as the days he spent in vain in his life. It was believed at that time that a warrior who dies on the battlefield will attain the heavens of valour. They planted Sepulchral Stones (Nadukal) in appreciation of his valour. The history of the Taller Sepulchral system gradually became shortened and became smaller and later became a big temple can also be traced back to history. The worship of the Shorter Sepulchral stone occupies a prominent place in the Purananooru. The worship of God arose during the time when man lived as a nomad. Man, worships God to get rid of the sufferings of his lifetime and to avoid trials in life. As such a God, the people of the Purananooru rea had a high tradition of worshipping the sepulchral stone as deities. The worship of the sepulchral stone also refers to the tradition of worshipping those who have fought courageously, those who have died facing the north when they were defeated in the war, the chaste women, and those who have performed great deeds. The name and merits of the deceased are inscribed on the stone and worshipped as a Deity. Even today this form of worship is prevalent among the Tamils. The worship of the sepulchral stone is also a symbol of gratitude. This article examines the evidence of the worship of such stones to courageous warriors in the Purananooru

Topology- and symmetry-protected domain wall conduction in quantum Hall nematics

We consider domain walls in nematic quantum Hall ferromagnets predicted to form in multivalley semiconductors, recently probed by scanning tunnelling microscopy experiments on Bi(111) surfaces. We show that the domain wall properties depend sensitively on the filling factor $\nu$ of the underlying (integer) quantum Hall states. For $\nu=1$ and in the absence of impurity scattering we argue that the wall hosts a single-channel Luttinger liquid whose gaplessness is a consequence of valley and charge conservation. For $\nu=2$, it supports a two-channel Luttinger liquid, which for sufficiently strong interactions enters a symmetry-preserving thermal metal phase with a charge gap coexisting with gapless neutral intervalley modes. The domain wall physics in this state is identical to that of a bosonic topological insulator protected by $U(1)\times U(1)$ symmetry, and we provide a formal mapping between these problems. We discuss other unusual properties and experimental signatures of these `anomalous' one-dimensional systems.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, published versio

Ecology of aquatic organisms in Ainkurunuru

No living organism can live on earth without water. Today, 70 percent of water is used for agriculture, 20 percent for industrial work and 10 percent for human consumption worldwide. Fish, crocodile, crab, shrimp etc. were found as aquatic organisms during the Sangam period. They describe the nature of the environment in the manner of food chain, spread, space protection, food collection and storage, and coexistence with the law of nature. In 500, news of aquatic organisms and their spreading into a food chain, compliance with the natural law, food conservation, human use methods and environmental contacts have been explored. This article shows that aquatic organisms lived without any pollution and without loss of life during the Sangam period

Aesthetic Thoughts found in Natrinai

Tamil is one of the classical languages with an ancient literary and grammatical tradition. Sangam literature is proof of the classical nature of the Tamil language. The Ettutthokai and Patthuppattu, which appeared during the Sangam age, are called the Pathinenmelkanakku. These depict the domestic and public lives of Sangam Tamils. Through Sangam literature, it is possible to know the lifestyle, culture, customs, etc. of the ancient Tamils. In Sangam literature, the sense of aesthetics is as mixed as flowers and fragrances. It is possible to know through the Sangam poems that the poets of the Sangam period had an abundance of aesthetic sense, which makes the mind of the learner happy in the way of composing the poem, expressing the feeling, and visualizing the concept. The purpose of this study is to explain the aesthetic thoughts contained in Natrinai, one of the Ettutthokai books

Natural Life Habitats in Ainkurunuru

Creature & live richly nature is Sub Conscious in many ways on this earth for billions of Years all living things have lived in harmony with depend on nature in this connection human life and prosperity have come together the environment has arisen on earth over the past few years give the natural grievous of the problems with are due to activities of human’s irregularly. It is an undeniable fact that the environment is irreversibly polluted by human sources. The life of the Sangam people is divided into Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal and Palai based on nature. Nature lays the foundation for the smooth life of the people and the emergence of superior cultures. Landscapes that can be seen with the naked eye cause changes in human perceptions. The way of life of the people of the Sangam period was centered on nature and was in harmony with nature. Sangam people considered nature to be a deity. He depended on nature for food, clothing and shelter. This article is about the Natural Life Habitats system of the Ainkurunuru

Techniques for Evaluating the Fit of Removable and Fixed Prosthesis

The importance of an accurately fitting fixed prosthesis or a removable prosthesis is essential for the success of the restoration. Ill-fitting prosthesis may cause mechanical failures of the prosthesis, implant systems, or biologic complications of the surrounding tissue. There are several causes related to improper seating of the prosthesis. Some of which can be corrected and the others need to be repeated. Hence the clinician must carefully evaluate the adaptation of the prosthesis using the clinical techniques and combination of the available materials and evaluation methods to optimize the fit of prosthesis. This article reviews the various clinical methods that have been suggested for evaluating the fit of the fixed and removable prosthesis

Knowledge attitude and practice on prevention of hepatitis B infection among medical students of a tertiary care centre in Tamil Nadu, India

Background: Hepatitis B infection is a serious global public health problem. About two billion people are infected with hepatitis B Virus (HBV) all over the world. The prevalence of HBV infection in India is 4%(2%-8%) with more prevalence among health care workers. Medical students represent a group that is at high-risk for acquiring and spreading hepatitis B infection. Despite increasing prevalence of HBV infection, there is paucity of knowledge, attitude and practice on HBV among medical students. Objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices on prevention of hepatitis B infection among medical students of Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kulasekharam.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 205 MBBS students using a pretested self-administered questionnaire for assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice on prevention of HBV infection after obtaining informed consent from the participants.Results: Among 205 MBBS students, correct response towards Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices were given by 77.07%, 77.56%, and 76.59% respectively, 79.5% of the students were fully vaccinated; 20.5% were partially vaccinated against Hepatitis B Virus infection.Conclusions: The medical students are at a very high risk of contracting HBV infection during their training period in view of low HBV vaccine uptake rate and high chance of accidental exposure to blood infected with HBV. Creating awareness among medical students on various aspects of Hepatitis B infection through health education programs before their exposure in medical colleges and subjecting them to active immunization against HBV are mandatory to control the spread of Hepatitis B viral infection