The Correlation Between Reading Comprehension and Writing Ability of the Second Year Students of Sman 1 Muaro Sentajo Teluk Kuantan in Recount Texts

The objective of this research is to find out the level of students\u27 ability in reading comprehension and writing ability in recount texts and the correlation between those variables of the second year students of SMAN 1 Muaro Sentajo. The sample of this research was class XI IPS 2 which consist 25 students. The data were collected by using two kinds of test, reading comprehension and written test. The result of this research showed that the students got good level with the average score 73.28 in reading comprehension, and in writing the students got good level with the average score 76.12. The result of this research proved that there is a positive correlation between reading comprehension and writing ability on recount texts. The rxy distribution of coefficient correlation is 0.8. It means that the correlation was in a high level. So, Ha (alternative hypothesis) of this research is accepted, and null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. Is there any difference between students\u27 reading and writing score? So, the researcher try to find out students\u27 reading and writing score and their correlation. Finally, the researcher suggests for the teacher, they should have some efforts to develop the students\u27 motivation and encourage them to practice their reading comprehension and writing ability in recount texts

Strain engineering in graphene by laser irradiation

We demonstrate that the Raman spectrum of graphene on lithium niobate can be controlled locally by continuous exposure to laser irradiation. We interpret our results in terms of changes to doping and mechanical strain and show that our observations are consistent with light-induced gradual strain relaxation in the graphene layer

Precision nanoscale domain engineering of lithium niobate via UV laser induced inhibition of poling

Continuous wave ultraviolet (UV) laser irradiation at lambda=244 nm on the +z face of undoped and MgO doped congruent lithium niobate single crystals has been observed to inhibit ferroelectric domain inversion. The inhibition occurs directly beneath the illuminated regions, in a depth greater than 100 nm during subsequent electric field poling of the crystal. Domain inhibition was confirmed by both differential domain etching and piezoresponse force microscopy. This effect allows the formation of arbitrarily shaped domains in lithium niobate and forms the basis of a high spatial resolution micro-structuring approach when followed by chemical etching

Ultra-smooth lithium niobate micro-resonators by surface tension reshaping

Thermal treatment of micro-structured lithium niobate substrates at temperatures close to, but below the melting point, allows surface tension to reshape a preferentially melted surface zone [1] of the crystal to form ultra-smooth single crystal toroidal or spherical structures. Such structures, an example of which is shown in figure 1, are suitable for the fabrication of photonic micro-resonators with low scattering loss. The thermally treated material maintains its single crystal nature after the thermal treatment because the bulk remains solid throughout the process acting as seed during the recrystallization process which takes place during the cooling stage. The single crystal nature of the reshaped material has been verified by piezoresponse force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and chemical etching. The inherent properties of lithium niobate crystals (optically nonlinear, piezoelectric and electro-optic) makes the resultant micro-resonator extremely suitable for sensing applications, for the production of micro-lasers (if doped with Er or Nd), for nonlinear frequency generation and finally for switching/modulation and tunable spectral filtering in optical telecommunications. The transformation of the initial surface micro-structures to the resulting resonator structure is a temperature dependent process as the surface tension acts on the surface melted layer of the crystal, Experimental investigation and modelling of the thermal treatment as well as investigation of the performance of these microresonators is underway to establish full control of the fabrication process for practical applications

Locally erasable couplers for optical device testing in silicon on insulator

Wafer scale testing is critical to reducing production costs and increasing production yield. Here we report a method that allows testing of individual optical components within a complex optical integrated circuit. The method is based on diffractive grating couplers, fabricated using lattice damage induced by ion implantation of germanium. These gratings can be erased via localised laser annealing, which is shown to reduce the outcoupling efficiency by over 20 dB after the device testing is completed. Laser annealing was achieved by employing a CW laser, operating at visible wavelengths thus reducing equipment costs and allowing annealing through thick oxide claddings. The process used also retains CMOS compatibility

Ordered nano-scale domains in lithium niobate single crystals via phase-mask assisted all-optical poling

We report the formation of directionally-ordered nanoscale surface domains on the +z face of undoped congruent lithium niobate single crystals by using UV illumination through a phase mask with an energy fluence between ~90mj/cm2 and 150 mJ/cm2 at lambda = 266 nm. We clearly show here that the UV-induced surface ferroelectric domains nucleate and then propagate along the maxima of laser intensity produced by the phase mask, thus enabling a degree of control over this all-optical poling process. Acid etching of the illuminated crystal faces was employed to reveal the induced domain nature and the spatial structure of the formed nanoscale domains

Demyelination and axonal preservation in a transgenic mouse model of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease

It is widely thought that demyelination contributes to the degeneration of axons and, in combination with acute inflammatory injury, is responsible for progressive axonal loss and persistent clinical disability in inflammatory demyelinating disease. In this study we sought to characterize the relationship between demyelination, inflammation and axonal transport changes using a Plp1-transgenic mouse model of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. In the optic pathway of this non-immune mediated model of demyelination, myelin loss progresses from the optic nerve head towards the brain, over a period of months. Axonal transport is functionally perturbed at sites associated with local inflammation and 'damaged' myelin. Surprisingly, where demyelination is complete, naked axons appear well preserved despite a significant reduction of axonal transport. Our results suggest that neuroinflammation and/or oligodendrocyte dysfunction are more deleterious for axonal health than demyelination per se, at least in the short ter

An Evaluation Of Provision In A School Designated As Catering For Pupils Categorised As Having 'Emotional And Behavioural Difficulties' In The Light Of The Perspectives And Expectations Of Its Various Stakeholders

Line End is an 11-16 day school for pupils categorised as having emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD). It is maintained by Farside Local Education Authority, and provides secondary education for pupils who are statemented as having emotional and behavioural difficulties. Some have additional learning difficulties, this assessment being based on reading ages that are considerably lower than their chronological ages, and scores in KS2 SATs that are below National averages. All referrals come through the local authority’s special educational needs department; invariably, the pupils who are placed at Line End either transfer from the EBD primary unit, or are those who have been excluded from mainstream secondary schools within the borough. The aim of the study is to establish the extent to which Line End is felt to be effective by its various stakeholders; and in establishing this position, it is first important to elicit the criteria by which the various stakeholders judge the school to be effective. The first phase of the study, therefore, is aimed at eliciting these stakeholder criteria, whilst the second phase focuses on the extent to which the school is perceived to be effective in its various areas of provision, based on these very criteria. A subsequent analysis of findings seeks to examine stakeholder perspectives, and the extent to which there is congruence and/or divergence of perspective amongst and between stakeholders might create conflict or tensions between and amongst stakeholders. Findings from the first phase of the study suggest that there is broad agreement amongst stakeholders about what should constitute effective provision for Line End pupils: addressing both academic and emotional/behavioural needs effectively, providing a safe and positive environment in which to make such provision, and providing opportunities for the reintegration of pupils to mainstream where appropriate and practicable. These three areas reflect the three major aims of the school as outlined in the staff handbook, and alongside these as key indicators of quality, stakeholders included relationships between home and school, and the management/organisation of the school -the extent to which it was strategically or ‘crisis’ managed. Findings from the second phase of the research suggested that the school was perceived to be effective by virtually all of its stakeholders - in some areas for some of the time. There were differences of perspective within stakeholder groups, and sometimes differences of emphasis between stakeholder groups. These differences did not necessarily lead to tension, as it was possible for differing perspectives to co-exist; the tensions became evident when perspectives conflicted rather than co-existed, as the group or individual who held the greatest power would invariably have its way in translating its perspective into policy and practic

Ultra-short light-pulse assisted electric field domain engineering of lithium niobate

While several techniques to achieve ferroelectric domain inversion in materials such as lithium niobate (LN) and lithium tantalate (LT) have been successfully demonstrated over the past years, even the 'best' established technique of electric field-induced domain inversion (E-field poling) fails when domain inversion at periodicities of a few microns and below are desired. To overcome the limitations associated with electric field poling, we have been investigating the feasibility of an alternative route, which we refer to as light-assisted E-field poling (LAP)

Precision nanoscale domain engineering of lithium niobate via UV laser induced inhibition of poling

Continuous wave ultraviolet (UV) laser irradiation at lambda=244 nm on the +z face of undoped and MgO doped congruent lithium niobate single crystals has been observed to inhibit ferroelectric domain inversion. The inhibition occurs directly beneath the illuminated regions, in a depth greater than 100 nm during subsequent electric field poling of the crystal. Domain inhibition was confirmed by both differential domain etching and piezoresponse force microscopy. This effect allows the formation of arbitrarily shaped domains in lithium niobate and forms the basis of a high spatial resolution micro-structuring approach when followed by chemical etching