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Changes in aroma and sensory profile of food ingredients smoked in the presence of a zeolite filter
During smoking, formation of desirable smoky compounds and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are inextricably linked. We have previously developed a zeolite filter technology (PureSmoke Technology or PST) that reduces the PAH content of a smoke stream, particularly reducing the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene, a known carcinogen, by up to 93%. The aim of this work was to determine whether there were changes in the volatile and sensory profiles of ingredients smoked using PST compared to the traditional smoking process (Trad). Smoked tomato flakes (either PST or Trad) were added to either low-fat or full-fat cream cheese for sensory profiling and consumer preference tests, and volatile analysis was carried out using solid phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The sensory analysis showed a significant decrease (p < 0.01) in bitterness when the PST was employed and a significant decrease in overall smoky aroma and flavor (p < 0.001), which resulted in an increase in the perception of cheesy aroma and flavor. This was consistent with a decrease in many of the smoky aroma compounds, particularly the guaiacols. However, consumer preference tests showed that there was no adverse effect on the flavor of the products, and there was even a tendency for the PST product to be preferred to the Trad product (p = 0.096). The smoke compounds were quantitated and compared in smoked tomato paste. Odor activity values (OAVs) calculated from the literature thresholds suggested that guaiacol and 4-alk(en)yl-substituted guaiacols are likely to be among the most highly odor-active compounds in these smoked ingredients
Explaining the Global Digital Divide: Economic, Political and Sociological Drivers of Cross-National Internet Use
New modelling technique for aperiodic-sampling linear systems
A general input-output modelling technique for aperiodic-sampling linear
systems has been developed. The procedure describes the dynamics of the system
and includes the sequence of sampling periods among the variables to be
handled. Some restrictive conditions on the sampling sequence are imposed in
order to guarantee the validity of the model. The particularization to the
periodic case represents an alternative to the classic methods of
discretization of continuous systems without using the Z-transform. This kind
of representation can be used largely for identification and control purposes.Comment: 19 pages, 0 figure
Supersymmetric K field theories and defect structures
We construct supersymmetric K field theories (i.e., theories with a
non-standard kinetic term) in 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions such that the bosonic
sector just consists of a nonstandard kinetic term plus a potential. Further,
we study the possibility of topological defect formation in these
supersymmetric models. Finally, we consider more general supersymmetric K field
theories where, again, topological defects exist in some cases.Comment: Latex, 6 figures, 27 page
Systematic influences on the areas of peaks in gamma-ray spectra that have a large statistical uncertainty
A method is presented for calculating the expected number of counts in peaks that have a large relative peak-area uncertainty and appear in measured gamma-ray spectra. The method was applied to calculations of the correction factors for peaks occurring in the spectra of radon daughters. It was shown that the factors used for correcting the calculated peak areas to their expected values decrease with an increasing relative peak-area uncertainty. The accuracy of taking the systematic influence inducing the correction factors into account is given by the dispersion of the correction factors corresponding to specific peaks. It was shown that the highest accuracy is obtained in the peak analyses with the GammaVision and Gamma-W software.Postprint (author's final draft
Effectiveness of a temperature control system in home induction hobs to reduce acrylamide formation during pan frying
War-Gaming Applications for Achieving Optimum Acquisition of Future Space Systems
This chapter describes an innovative modeling and simulation approach using newly proposed Advanced Game-based Mathematical Framework (AGMF), Unified Game-based Acquisition Framework (UGAF) and a set of War-Gaming Engines (WGEs) to address future space systems acquisition challenges. Its objective is to assist the DoD Acquisition Authority (DAA) to understand the contractor’s perspective and to seek optimum Program-and-Technical-Baseline (PTB) solution and corresponding acquisition strategy under both the perspectives of the government and the contractors. The proposed approach calls for an interdisciplinary research that involves game theory, probability and statistics, and non-linear programming. The goal of this chapter is to apply the proposed war-gaming frameworks to develop and evaluate PTB solutions and associated acquisition strategies in the context of acquisition of future space systems. Our simulation results suggest that our optimization problem for the acquisition of future space systems meets the affordability and innovative requirements with minimum acquisition risk
Absence of static phase separation in the high-Tc cuprate
We use 89Y NMR in in order to evaluate with high
sensitivity the distribution of hole content p in the CuO2 planes. For y=1 and
y=0.6, this hole doping distribution is found narrow with a full width at half
maximum smaller than Delta p=0.025. This rules out any large static phase
separation between underdoped and optimally doped regions in contrast with the
one observed by STM in Bi2212 and by NQR in LaSrCuO. This establishes that
static electronic phase separation is not a generic feature of the cuprates.Comment: published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 89, 157002 (2002) (only minor changes as
compared to previous version) Article of 4 pages + 3 figure
Oral administration of the selective GPR120/FFA4 agonist compound A is not effective in alleviating tissue inflammation in mouse models of prototypical autoimmune diseases
ω3-polyunsaturated free fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are thought to exert health promoting effects in metabolic and in inflammatory diseases. The molecular mechanisms of these beneficial effects are only partially understood. DHA and EPA activate Free Fatty Acid receptor 4 (GPR120/FFA4). Recently, the first orally available, synthetic ligand of FFA4, 3-[2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-3-azaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-acetic acid ("compound A"; cpd A) has been developed. Cpd A exhibits distinctly higher potency, efficiency, and selectivity at FFA4 than ω3-PUFAs and ameliorates insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation in the mouse. With GPR120/FFA4 activation believed to also attenuate tissue inflammation in autoimmune diseases, cpd A may also have a beneficial effect in these diseases. We have therefore addressed the therapeutic potential of cpd A in mouse models of three prototypical autoimmune diseases, specifically psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and bullous pemphigoid. The effect of cpd A on the course of Aldara™-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis, K/BxN serum transfer arthritis, and antibody transfer pemphigoid disease-like dermatitis was scrutinized. Cpd A did not alter the course of Aldara-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis, K/BxN serum transfer arthritis, or antibody transfer pemphigoid disease-like dermatitis. Our results suggest that therapeutic regimens solely relying on FFA4 activation do not bear the potential to treat inflammatory diseases. With cpd A distinctly more potent in activating GPR120/FFA4 than ω3-PUFAs, this also suggests that GPR120/FFA4 activation by ω3-PUFAs does not significantly contribute to the health-promoting effects of ω3-PUFAs in autoimmune diseases
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