Ten Economic Facts About Crime and Incarceration in the United States

Crime and high rates of incarceration impose tremendous costs on society, with lasting negative effects on individuals, families, and communities. Rates of crime in the United States have been falling steadily, but still constitute a serious economic and social challenge. At the same time, the incarceration rate in the United States is so high -- more than 700 out of every 100,000 people are incarcerated -- that both crime scholars and policymakers alike question whether, for nonviolent criminals in particular, the social costs of incarceration exceed the social benefits

Optical implementation of the encoding of two qubits to a single qutrit

We have devised an optical scheme for the recently proposed protocol for encoding two qubits into one qutrit. In this protocol, Alice encodes an arbitrary pure product state of two qubits into a state of one qutrit. Bob can then restore error-free any of the two encoded qubit states but not both of them simultaneously. We have successfully realized this scheme experimentally using spatial-mode encoding. Each qubit (qutrit) was represented by a single photon that could propagate through two (three) separate fibers. We theoretically propose two generalizations of the original protocol. We have found a probabilistic operation that enables to retrieve both qubits simultaneously with the average fidelity above 90% and we have proposed extension of the original encoding transformation to encode N qubits into one (N+1)-dimensional system.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, RevTeX

Model Analisis Terapi Jamu sebagai Komplementer terhadap Perbaikan Keluhan pada Pasien Artritis

Telah dilakukan sebuah penelitian observasi, purposif dan deskriptif terhadap dokter praktik jamusecara komplementer-alternatif dengan menggunakan jamu di 9 dari 12 provinsi wilayah SentraPengembangan, Penerapan dan Pengobatan Tradisional (SP3T) di Indonesia selama 6 bulan penelitian.Didapatkan 63 pasien artritis yang yang masuk ke dalam penelitian, menerima terapi konvensionaldan tradisional. Seluruh pasien berusia ¥16 tahun, dengan persentase terbanyak pada usia 51-70tahun (50,8%). Ditemukan 37% pasien memiliki riwayat penyakit hipertensi sebelumnya, dan 7%riwayat rematoid arthritis. Sebanyak 47% pasien dengan hipertensi pada keluarga dan 16% pasiendengan rematoid arthritis pada keluarganya. Terapi konvensional terbanyak yang digunakan dalamterapi pasien arthritis yaitu golongan NSAID (43%), disusul suplemen (22%), fiioterapi (12%), antipirai(10%), kortikosteroid (4%), lain-lain (4%), dan analgetik narkotik (3%). Komponen jamu yang seringdigunakan yaitu jamu osteoarthritis Tawangmangu (37,5%), sambiloto (11,3%), temulawak (11,2%),jahe (8,1%), habbatussauda/jinten hitam (8,1%), dan murat (4,8%). Adapun keterampilan dengan alatyang digunakan yaitu akupunktur (47%), akupresur (13%), stimulasi listrik (7%), akupunktur & stimulasilistrik (7%). Perubahan pasca terapi yang terjadi adalah perbaikan, berupa hilangnya gejala penyakit.Gejala klinis yang paling banyak menghilang saat follow up yaitu gejala sistem neurologis (33%), sistemmuskuloskeletal (31%), dan tak kalah pentingnya yaitu gejala umum (23%), karena 3 dari 4 gejala umum(tidak nafsu makan, letih, dan penurunan berat badan) merupakan gejala yang paling sering ditemuipada penderita rematoid artritis. Meskipun demikian perbaikan gejala klinis ini belum bisa dipastikansemata-mata karena efek terapi jamu saja, karena selain jamu digunakan pula terapi konvensionallainnya. Ditemukan pula peningkatan Quality of Life (QoL) derajat baik sebelum terapi (36%) danmenjadi 79% pada masa sesudah terapi

Jamu Pada Pasien Tumor/Kanker Sebagai Terapi Komplementer

Indonesia merupakan negara dengan kekayaan flora nomor 2 di dunia, memiliki berbagai macam tumbuhan yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai obat termasuk untuk pengobatan kanker. Akan tetapi dalam pemakaian tumbuhan untuk pengobatan masih rendah bila dibandingkan dengan beberapa negara Asia, terutama dalam hal pemakaian tumbuhan obat yang terintegrasikan dalam pelayanan kesehatan formal. Diberbagai belahan dunia tumbuhan obat telah banyak digunakan untuk pengobatan kanker, baik sebagai pencegahan maupun pengobatan. Tanaman yang digunakan adalah yang mengandung senyawa atau substansi seperti karotenoid, vitamin C, selenium, serat dan komponen-komponennya, dithiolthiones, isotiosianat, indol, fenol, inhibitor protease, senyawa aliin, fitisterol, fitoestrogen dan limonen. Glukosianalat dan indol, tiosianat dan isotiosianat, fenol dan kumarin dapat menginduksi multiplikasi enzim fase II (melarutkan dan umumnya mengaktivasi). Asam askorbat dan fenol memblok pembentukan karsinogen seperti nitro- samine.Flavonoid dan karotenoid bertindak sebagai antioksidan. Karotenoid dan sterol mengubah struktur membran atau integritas. Senyawa yang mengandung sulfur dapat menekan DNA dan sintesis protein, sedangkan fitoestrogen bersaing dengan estradiol untuk reseptor estrogen sehingga akan terjadi keadaan anti proliperatif. Perhimpunan Dokter Indonesia Pengembang Kesehatan Tradisional Timur (PDPKT), setelah melalui prosedur dan identifikasi yang panjang, berhasil memilih 30 jenis tanaman berkhasiat obat dalam mengatasi berbagai penyakit, termasuk kanker. Selain itu berdasarkan pengalaman pengobatan di RSU Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang dan RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya, diperoleh sejumlah herbal yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam pelayanan kesehatan. Di Indonesia, prevalensi penyakit kanker cukup tinggi. Data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2007, prevalensi tumor/kanker di Indonesia adalah 4,3 per 1.000 penduduk dan merupakan penyebab kematian nomor 7 sebesar 5,7% dari seluruh penyebab kematian.4 Sementara itu pada Riskesdas tahun 2013, prevalensi tumor/kanker di Indonesia adalah 1,4 per 1000 penduduk, atau sekitar 330.000 orang. Prevalensi kanker tertinggi terdapat di DI Yogyakarta (4,1%), diikuti Jawa Tengah (2,1%), Bali (2%), Bengkulu, dan DKI Jakarta masing-masing 1,9 per mil. Penyakit kanker juga menyebabkan beban pembiayaan negara sangat tinggi. Hal ini dapat diketahui dari data Jamkesmas yang menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan dana Jamkesmas paling tinggi penyerapannya untuk penanganan penyakit kanker dibandingkan dengan penyakit degeneratif lainnya. pengobatan kanker yang baik harus memenuhi fungsi menyembuhkan (kuratif), mengurangi rasa sakit (paliatif) dan mencegah timbulnya kembali (preventif).6 Pengobatan komplementer alternatif adalah salah satu pelayanan kesehatan yang akhir-akhir ini banyak diminati oleh masyarakat maupun kalangan kedokteran konvensional.7 Pelayanan kesehatan tradisional komple-menter alternatif merupakan pelayanan yang menggabungkan pelayanan konven-sional dengan kesehatan tradisional dan/atau hanya sebagai alternatif menggunakan pelayanan kesehatan tradisional, terintegrasi dalam pelayanan kesehatan formal.7 Keberhasilan masuknya obat tradisional ke dalam sistem pelayanan kesehatan formal hanya dapat dicapai apabila terdapat kemajuan yang besar dari para klinisi untuk menerima dan menggunakan obat tradisional. Penyelenggaran pengobatan komple-menter alternatif diatur dalam standar pelayanan medik herbal menurut Kepmenkes No.121/Menkes/SK/II/2008 yang meliputi melakukan anamnesis; melakukan pemeriksaan meliputi pemeriksaan fisik (inspeksi, palpasi, perkusi dan auskultasi) maupun To determine the use of herbs as complementary therapy in the practice of herbal medicine doctor , performed a cross sectional study , non-intervention in patients with doctors\u27 complementary - alternative herbal medicine in hospitals , health centers, clinic of physician networks Indonesia. Using medical records and entry program on the website Badan Litbangkes, 10 months evaluated, analyzed descriptively using SPSS software version 19.0.Obtainable 72 patients tumor with 129 visits, varying between 1-4 each patient. The most commonly tumor found is breast (32%). Of the 71 patients with tumors, 80.3% receiving herbal, 14.1% received conventional and herbal, 2.8 % received conventional, herbal and traditional health , and 1.4 % received herbal and traditional health. Conventional included chemotherapy, analgesics/antiinflammatory, antibiotic, stomach medicine, tranexamat acids, vitamins, hormonal drugs. Vitamins most used, followed by analgesic/anti inflammatory. Herbal therapy (potion) most often given white turmeric and pearl grass. Herbs with the same components supplied by 8 different doctorspearl grass, white turmeric,bidara upas.There are 51,4% patients came with good quality of life, 40% moderate and 8.6% bad. After receiving 3 modality therapy, there are 79,6% patients with improved quality of life and 20,4% status quo

Trypanosoma brucei PRMT1 Is a Nucleic Acid Binding Protein with a Role in Energy Metabolism and the Starvation Stress Response.

In Trypanosoma brucei and related kinetoplastid parasites, transcription of protein coding genes is largely unregulated. Rather, mRNA binding proteins, which impact processes such as transcript stability and translation efficiency, are the predominant regulators of gene expression. Arginine methylation is a posttranslational modification that preferentially targets RNA binding proteins and is, therefore, likely to have a substantial impact on T. brucei biology. The data presented here demonstrate that cells depleted of T. brucei PRMT1 (TbPRMT1), a major type I protein arginine methyltransferase, exhibit decreased virulence in an animal model. To understand the basis of this phenotype, quantitative global proteomics was employed to measure protein steady-state levels in cells lacking TbPRMT1. The approach revealed striking changes in proteins involved in energy metabolism. Most prominent were a decrease in glycolytic enzyme abundance and an increase in proline degradation pathway components, changes that resemble the metabolic remodeling that occurs during T. brucei life cycle progression. The work describes several RNA binding proteins whose association with mRNA was altered in TbPRMT1-depleted cells, and a large number of TbPRMT1-interacting proteins, thereby highlighting potential TbPRMT1 substrates. Many proteins involved in the T. brucei starvation stress response were found to interact with TbPRMT1, prompting analysis of the response of TbPRMT1-depleted cells to nutrient deprivation. Indeed, depletion of TbPRMT1 strongly hinders the ability of T. brucei to form cytoplasmic mRNA granules under starvation conditions. Finally, this work shows that TbPRMT1 itself binds nucleic acids in vitro and in vivo, a feature completely novel to protein arginine methyltransferases.IMPORTANCETrypanosoma brucei infection causes human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, a disease with a nearly 100% fatality rate when untreated. Current drugs are expensive, toxic, and highly impractical to administer, prompting the community to explore various unique aspects of T. brucei biology in search of better treatments. In this study, we identified the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT), TbPRMT1, as a factor that modulates numerous aspects of T. brucei biology. These include glycolysis and life cycle progression signaling, both of which are being intensely researched toward identification of potential drug targets. Our data will aid research in those fields. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time a direct association of a PRMT with nucleic acids, a finding we believe could translate to other organisms, including humans, thereby impacting research in fields as distant as human cancer biology and immune response modulation. Copyright © 2018 Kafková et al

Pengaruh Ekstrak Etanol Biji Klabet (Trigonella Foenum- Graecum L.) Terhadap Kadar Gula Darah Tikus Niddm

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (klabet) is one of the Indonesian medicinal plants and can be used to decrease glucose blood level on sufferer of diabetic. The effect of hypoglycemic of klabet seed extract on albino male rats has been investigated. Hyper­glycemic was induced by alloxan tetrahydrate 125 mg/kg body weight. The doses of the klabet extract were administered orally during 3 days and 7 days. Plasma glucose level was measured by Tinder method. Decrease percentage of plasma glucose level in gliclazide 1.4 mg/200g body weight, klabet seed extract 140 (DI), 280 (DII) and 560 (DIII) mg/200g body weight after 3 days of administration were 26.2, 17.97, 17.21, 14.17 respectively and decrease percentage after 7 days of administration were 42.74, 41.22, 42.86, 34.77 res­pectively. The effect of hypoglycemic was observed on 140 mg/200g body weight and 280 mg/200g body weight (p>0.05)

Immune factors preceding diagnosis of glioma: a Prostate Lung Colorectal Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial nested case-control study.

BackgroundEpidemiological studies of adult glioma have identified genetic and environmental risk factors, but much remains unclear. The aim of the current study was to evaluate anthropometric, disease-related, and prediagnostic immune-related factors for relationship with glioma risk.MethodsWe conducted a nested case-control study among the intervention arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer (PLCO) Screening Trial. One hundred and twenty-four glioma cases were identified and each matched to four controls. Baseline characteristics were collected at enrollment and were evaluated for association with glioma status. Serum specimens were collected at yearly intervals and were analyzed for immune-related factors including TGF-β1, TNF-α, total IgE, and allergen-specific IgE. Immune factors were evaluated at baseline in a multivariate conditional logistic regression model, along with one additional model that incorporated the latest available measurement.ResultsA family history of glioma among first-degree relatives was associated with increased glioma risk (OR = 4.41, P = .002). In multivariate modeling of immune factors at baseline, increased respiratory allergen-specific IgE was inversely associated with glioma risk (OR for allergen-specific IgE > 0.35 PAU/L: 0.59, P = .03). A logistic regression model that incorporated the latest available measurements found a similar association for allergen-specific IgE (P = .005) and showed that elevated TGF-β1 was associated with increased glioma risk (P-value for trend <.0001).ConclusionThe results from this prospective prediagnostic study suggest that several immune-related factors are associated with glioma risk. The association observed for TGF-β1 when sampling closer to the time of diagnosis may reflect the nascent brain tumor's feedback on immune function