71,342 research outputs found
Relativistic Spheres
By analyzing the Einstein's equations for the static sphere, we find that
there exists a non-singular static configuration whose radius can approach its
corresponding horizon size arbitrarily.Comment: 8 pages revtex, 1 ps figur
Exactly isochoric deformations of soft solids
Many materials of contemporary interest, such as gels, biological tissues and
elastomers, are easily deformed but essentially incompressible. Traditional
linear theory of elasticity implements incompressibility only to first order
and thus permits some volume changes, which become problematically large even
at very small strains. Using a mixed coordinate transformation originally due
to Gauss, we enforce the constraint of isochoric deformations exactly to
develop a linear theory with perfect volume conservation that remains valid
until strains become geometrically large. We demonstrate the utility of this
approach by calculating the response of an infinite soft isochoric solid to a
point force that leads to a nonlinear generalization of the Kelvin solution.
Our approach naturally generalizes to a range of problems involving
deformations of soft solids and interfaces in 2 dimensional and axisymmetric
geometries, which we exemplify by determining the solution to a distributed
load that mimics muscular contraction within the bulk of a soft solid
Quasiparticle and Optical Properties of Rutile and Anatase TiO
Quasiparticle excitation energies and optical properties of TiO in the
rutile and anatase structures are calculated using many-body perturbation
theory methods. Calculations are performed for a frozen crystal lattice;
electron-phonon coupling is not explicitly considered. In the GW method,
several approximations are compared and it is found that inclusion of the full
frequency dependence as well as explicit treatment of the Ti semicore states
are essential for accurate calculation of the quasiparticle energy band gap.
The calculated quasiparticle energies are in good agreement with available
photoemission and inverse photoemission experiments. The results of the GW
calculations, together with the calculated static screened Coulomb interaction,
are utilized in the Bethe-Salpeter equation to calculate the dielectric
function for both the rutile and anatase structures. The
results are in good agreement with experimental observations, particularly the
onset of the main absorption features around 4 eV. For comparison to low
temperature optical absorption measurements that resolve individual excitonic
transitions in rutile, the low-lying discrete excitonic energy levels are
calculated with electronic screening only. The lowest energy exciton found in
the energy gap of rutile has a binding energy of 0.13 eV. In agreement with
experiment, it is not dipole allowed, but the calculated exciton energy exceeds
that measured in absorption experiments by about 0.22 eV and the scale of the
exciton binding energy is also too large. The quasiparticle energy alignment of
rutile is calculated for non-polar (110) surfaces. In the GW approximation, the
valence band maximum is 7.8 eV below the vacuum level, showing a small shift
from density functional theory results.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review
Effect of atmospheric turbulence on propagation properties of optical vortices formed by using coherent laser beam arrays
In this paper, we consider the effect of the atmospheric turbulence on the
propagation of optical vertex formed from the radial coherent laser beam array,
with the initially well-defined phase distribution. The propagation formula of
the radial coherent laser array passing through the turbulent atmosphere is
analytically derived by using the extended Huygens-Fresnel diffraction
integral. Based on the derived formula, the effect of the atmospheric
turbulence on the propagation properties of such laser arrays has been studied
in great detail. Our main results show that the atmospheric turbulence may
result in the prohibition of the formation of the optical vortex or the
disappearance of the formed optical vortex, which are very different from that
in the free space. The formed optical vortex with the higher topological charge
may propagate over a much longer distance in the moderate or weak turbulent
atmosphere. After the sufficient long-distance atmospheric propagation, all the
output beams (even with initially different phase distributions) finally lose
the vortex property and gradually become the Gaussian-shaped beams, and in this
case the output beams actually become incoherent light fields due to the
decoherence effect of the turbulent atmosphere.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure
Dephasing time in graphene due to interaction with flexural phonons
We investigate decoherence of an electron in graphene caused by
electron-flexural phonon interaction. We find out that flexural phonons can
produce dephasing rate comparable to the electron-electron one. The problem
appears to be quite special because there is a large interval of temperature
where the dephasing induced by phonons can not be obtain using the golden rule.
We evaluate this rate for a wide range of density () and temperature ()
and determine several asymptotic regions with temperature dependence crossing
over from to when
temperature increases. We also find to be a non-monotonous
function of . These distinctive features of the new contribution can provide
an effective way to identify flexural phonons in graphene through the
electronic transport by measuring the weak localization corrections in
magnetoresistance.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figure
Quantum state engineering with flux-biased Josephson phase qubits by Stark-chirped rapid adiabatic passages
In this paper, the scheme of quantum computing based on Stark chirped rapid
adiabatic passage (SCRAP) technique [L. F. Wei et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100,
113601 (2008)] is extensively applied to implement the quantum-state
manipulations in the flux-biased Josephson phase qubits. The broken-parity
symmetries of bound states in flux-biased Josephson junctions are utilized to
conveniently generate the desirable Stark-shifts. Then, assisted by various
transition pulses universal quantum logic gates as well as arbitrary
quantum-state preparations could be implemented. Compared with the usual
PI-pulses operations widely used in the experiments, the adiabatic population
passage proposed here is insensitive the details of the applied pulses and thus
the desirable population transfers could be satisfyingly implemented. The
experimental feasibility of the proposal is also discussed.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure
Slowly expanding/evolving lesions as a magnetic resonance imaging marker of chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions.
BACKGROUND:Chronic lesion activity driven by smoldering inflammation is a pathological hallmark of progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE:To develop a method for automatic detection of slowly expanding/evolving lesions (SELs) on conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and characterize such SELs in primary progressive MS (PPMS) and relapsing MS (RMS) populations. METHODS:We defined SELs as contiguous regions of existing T2 lesions showing local expansion assessed by the Jacobian determinant of the deformation between reference and follow-up scans. SEL candidates were assigned a heuristic score based on concentricity and constancy of change in T2- and T1-weighted MRIs. SELs were examined in 1334 RMS patients and 555 PPMS patients. RESULTS:Compared with RMS patients, PPMS patients had higher numbers of SELs (p = 0.002) and higher T2 volumes of SELs (p < 0.001). SELs were devoid of gadolinium enhancement. Compared with areas of T2 lesions not classified as SEL, SELs had significantly lower T1 intensity at baseline and larger decrease in T1 intensity over time. CONCLUSION:We suggest that SELs reflect chronic tissue loss in the absence of ongoing acute inflammation. SELs may represent a conventional brain MRI correlate of chronic active MS lesions and a candidate biomarker for smoldering inflammation in MS
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