Cooperative knowledge processing: the key technology for future organizations

Drawing from the challenges organizations are faced with today, there is a growing understanding that future market success, and long-term survival of enterprises will increasingly be related to the effectiveness of information technology utilization. This, however, requires to intertwine much more seriously organizational theory and research in information processing as it has been done before. Within this paper, we approached this aim from the perspective of radically decentralized, computerized enterprises. We further assume that organizations are increasingly processoriented, rather than applying to structuring organizations based on task decomposition and assignment. This scenario reveals that, due to the inherent autonomy of organizational units, the coordination of decentralized organizational activities (workflows, processes) necessitates a cooperative style of problem solving. On this basis, the paper introduces into the research area of cooperative knowledge processing, with a particular focus on multi-agent decision support systems, and human computer cooperative work. Finally, several important organizational applications of cooperative knowledge processing are presented that demonstrate how future enterprises can take great advantage from these new technologies.<br

Organisatorische Flexibilität durch Workflow-Management-Systeme?

Mit dem Einsatz von Workflow-Management-Systemen wird allgemein eine Verbesserung der organisatorischen Flexibilität verbunden. Das ist dann von wesentlicher Bedeutung, wenn, wie in der Dienstleistung, dem Kunden maßgeschneiderte Produkte angeboten werden sollen. Ausgehend von den theoretischen Grundlagen zur Flexibilität prozeßorientierter Organisationen untersucht der Beitrag anhand empirischer Daten die flexibilitätsrelevanten Eigenschaften von Workflow-Management-Systemen. Diese hängen wesentlich von der Integrationsfähigkeit der Systeme ab, die nach fall- und vorgangsspezifischen Daten getrennt beurteilt und insgesamt als weitgehend einseitig ("Import-Offenheit") angesehen werden muß: Zwar können Falldaten und externe Dienste leicht importiert werden, der Export von vorgangsbezogenen Daten und internen Diensten ist jedoch nur bedingt möglich. Das schränkt die organisatorische Flexibilität vor allem dann entscheidend ein, wenn Workflow-Management-Systeme abteilungs- und organisationsübergreifende Leistungsprozesse oder das "Customizing" von Produkten unterstützen sollen

Organisational Intelligence and Distributed AI

The analysis of this chapter starts from organisational theory, and from this it draws conclusions for the design, and possible organisational applications, of Distributed AI systems. We first review how the concept of organisations has emerged from non-organised "blackbox" entities to so-called "computerised" organisations. Within this context organisational researchers have started to redesign their models of intelligent organisations with respect to the availability of advanced computing technology. The recently emerged concept of Organisational Intelligence integrates these efforts in that it suggests five components of intelligent organisational skills (communication, memory, learning, cognition, problem solving). The approach integrates human and computer-based information processing and problem solving capabilities.<br/

Laser Skin Graft Harvesting Apparatus and Related Method

A laser dermatome is disclosed for harvesting and meshing grafts of skin. A roller driven by a motor lifts the leading edge of a portion of skin for cutting by a beam of light generated by a laser. Adhesive tape attached to the roller aids in lifting the portion of skin and is further utilized to secure the severed portion of skin to the roller. A stage mounted atop an axle supports the laser or a beam director. The movement of the stage is controlled by second and third motors which drive the stage along or rotate it about the axle providing directional control of the laser. A controller controls the motors and synchronizes the movements of the roller and stage dependent upon inputs from the operator and sensors during operation. In the related method, a portion of skin to be harvested is lifted by the roller and cut by the laser beam. The controller signals the motor to drive the roller, thereby lifting the severed portion of skin and exposing the next portion for further cutting by the laser. These steps are repeated until the desired size graft is obtained. The laser is secondarily utilized to perform the additional step of meshing the graft in order to allow expansion of the graft to cover a larger area

A high resolution scintillating fiber tracker with SiPM readout for the PEBS experiment

Using thin scintillating fibers with Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) readout a mo dular high-resolution charged-particle tracking detector has been designed. The fiber modules consist of 2 x 5 layers of 128 round multiclad scintillating fiber s of 0.250mm diameter. The fibers are read out by four SiPM arrays (8mm x 1mm) e ach on either end of the module.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, presented at the ICATPP 1

Minimal hepatic toxicity of Onyx-015: spatial restriction of coxsackie-adenoviral receptor in normal liver.

We administered an adenoviral vector, Onyx-015, into the hepatic artery of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer involving the liver. Thirty-five patients enrolled in this multi-institutional phase I/II trial received up to eight arterial infusions of up to 2 x 10(12) viral particles. Hepatic toxicity was the primary dose-limiting toxicity observed in preclinical models. However, nearly 200 infusions of this adenoviral vector were administered directly into the hepatic artery without significant toxicity. Therefore, we undertook this analysis to determine the impact of repeated adenoviral exposure on hepatic function. Seventeen patients were treated at our institution, providing a detailed data set on the changes in hepatic function following repeated exposure to adenovirus. No changes in hepatic function occurred with the first treatment of Onyx-015 among these patients. Transient increases in transaminase levels occurred in one patient starting with the second infusion and transient increases in bilirubin was observed in two patients starting with the fifth treatment. These changes occurred too early to be explained by viral-mediated lysis of hepatocytes. In addition, viremia was observed starting 3-5 days after the viral infusion in half of the patient, but was not associated with hepatic toxicity. To further understand the basis for the minimal hepatic toxicity of adenoviral vectors, we evaluated the replication of adenovirus in primary hepatocytes and tumor cells in culture and the expression of the coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR) in normal liver and colon cancer metastatic to the liver. We found that adenovirus replicates poorly in primary hepatocytes but replicates efficiently in tumors including tumors derived from hepatocytes. In addition, we found that CAR is localized at junctions between hepatocytes and is inaccessible to hepatic blood flow. CAR is not expressed on tumor vasculature but is expressed on tumor cells. Spatial restriction of CAR to the intercellular space in normal liver and diminished replication of adenovirus in hepatocytes may explain the minimal toxicity observed following repeated hepatic artery infusions with Onyx-015

Workflow Management mit kooperativen Softwaresystemen:State of the Art und Problemabriß

Ausgehend von den Forderungen nach Markt- und Kundenorientierung, organisatorischer Reaktionsschnelligkeit, Flexibilität und Anpassungsfähigkeit wird derzeit in Wissenschaft und Praxis mit Hochdruck an der Entwicklung neuer organisatorischer Konzepte gearbeitet.In diesem Zusammenhang ist auch häufig von Workflow-Management-Systemen die Rede. Diese sind angetreten, um Geschäftsprozesse in einer Organisation aktiv und durch den Einsatz von Rechnertechnologie zu unterstützen. In dieser Arbeit wird zunächst der aktuelle Stand der Kunst zur Modellierung von Geschäftsprozessen einer kritischen Betrachtung unterzogen. Dabei zeigt sich, daß die Strukturierbarkeit von Aufgaben und die Komplexität der Vorgangserzeugung zwei für den Entwurf von Workflow-Management-Systemen wesentliche, diesen jedoch in unterschiedlicher Weise beeinflussende Kriterien sind. Betrachtet man nun allerdings moderne dezentralisierte Organisationen, dann stellt man rasch fest, daß die dort gegebenen Anforderungen insbesondere an die Modellierung und Steuerung von Geschäftsprozessen weit über das hinausgehen, was Workflow-Management-Systeme konventioneller Technologie leisten können. Hier bieten jedoch die in der Verteilten Künstlichen Intelligenz entwickelten Konzepte erfolgversprechende Lösungsansätze. Die Arbeit zeigt auf, wie diese zur Koordination von Geschäftsprozessen genutzt und so zur Flexibilisierung der informationstechnischen Unterstützung von Geschäftsprozessen eingesetzt werden können.<br

Zur Verbundintelligenz integrierter Mensch-Computer-Teams:ein organisationstheoretischer Ansatz

Der Beitrag führt zunächst in neuere organisationstheoretische Arbeiten zur "Organisatorischen Intelligenz" ein. Diese setzen u.a. voraus, kognitive menschliche und maschinelle Arbeit durch entsprechenden Einsatz informationstechnischer Maßnahmen organisatorisch zu integrieren. Die Berücksichtigung aktueller Anforderungen an die Führungsorganisation (Dezentralisierung und Delegation, Kooperation statt zentraler Vorgaben, Erweiterung der Bereichsautonomie) führt zu dem auf den Kooperationsparadigmen der Informatik basierenden Vorschlag einer föderativen Informationssystemarchitektur. Diese enthält als einen wesentlichen Bestandteil ein wissensbasiertes Koordinationsmanagement, welches die Arbeit integrierter Mensch-Computer-Teams wirkungsvoll unterstützt und das Verhalten kooperativ-intelligenter Informationssysteme an den Zielen der Organisatorischen Intelligenz auszurichten erlaubt

AEGIS:Agent oriEnted orGanISations

Today's enterprises are faced with highly dynamic, sometimes even hostile environments. This paper dicovers that the two most prominent organizational strategies addressing these challenges, namely that of widespread decentralization and of business process orientation, are inherently conflicting. We argue that cooperative knowledge processing technology can contribute to dissolve this conflict. For this purpose, we introduce the reader into the field of Distributed Artificial Intelligence. On that basis we then develop the concept of Agent oriEnted orGanISations (AEGIS), in order to support the flexible modeling and management of business processes in decentralized organizational settings. Applying to methods of Distributed Planning a set of process modeling and process interaction operators is defined. These operators also permit to automatically create and customize computerized configurations of business processes. The concepts are presented in the context of an application in private banking, namely that of a Credit Advisory System.<br

Silicon photomultiplier arrays - a novel photon detector for a high resolution tracker produced at FBK-irst, Italy

A silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array has been developed at FBK-irst having 32 channels and a dimension of 8.0 x 1.1 mm^2. Each 250 um wide channel is subdivided into 5 x 22 rectangularly arranged pixels. These sensors are developed to read out a modular high resolution scintillating fiber tracker. Key properties like breakdown voltage, gain and photon detection efficiency (PDE) are found to be homogeneous over all 32 channels of an SiPM array. This could make scintillating fiber trackers with SiPM array readout a promising alternative to available tracker technologies, if noise properties and the PDE are improved