Transient Fcho1/2⋅Eps15/R⋅AP-2 Nanoclusters Prime the AP-2 Clathrin Adaptor for Cargo Binding.

Clathrin-coated vesicles form by rapid assembly of discrete coat constituents into a cargo-sorting lattice. How the sequential phases of coat construction are choreographed is unclear, but transient protein-protein interactions mediated by short interaction motifs are pivotal. We show that arrayed Asp-Pro-Phe (DPF) motifs within the early-arriving endocytic pioneers Eps15/R are differentially decoded by other endocytic pioneers Fcho1/2 and AP-2. The structure of an Eps15/R⋅Fcho1 μ-homology domain complex reveals a spacing-dependent DPF triad, bound in a mechanistically distinct way from the mode of single DPF binding to AP-2. Using cells lacking FCHO1/2 and with Eps15 sequestered from the plasma membrane, we establish that without these two endocytic pioneers, AP-2 assemblies are fleeting and endocytosis stalls. Thus, distinct DPF-based codes within the unstructured Eps15/R C terminus direct the assembly of temporary Fcho1/2⋅Eps15/R⋅AP-2 ternary complexes to facilitate conformational activation of AP-2 by the Fcho1/2 interdomain linker to promote AP-2 cargo engagement.Supported by NIH R01 GM106963 to L.M.T. and Wellcome Trust grants 090909/Z to D.J.O., 097040 to A.G.W., and 100140 to CIMR.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Cell Press / Elsevier via https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2016.05.00

HIV and HPV infections and ocular surface squamous neoplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of ocular surface squamous neoplasias (OSSNs) has been increasing in populations with a high prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). We aimed to quantify the association between HIV/AIDS and HPV infection and OSSN, through systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: The articles providing data on the association between HIV/AIDS and/or HPV infection and OSSN were identified in MEDLINE, SCOPUS and EMBASE searched up to May 2013, and through backward citation tracking. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to compute summary relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Heterogeneity was quantified with the I(2) statistic. RESULTS: HIV/AIDS was strongly associated with an increased risk of OSSN (summary RR=8.06, 95% CI: 5.29-12.30, I(2)=56.0%, 12 studies). The summary RR estimate for the infection with mucosal HPV subtypes was 3.13 (95% CI: 1.72-5.71, I(2)=45.6%, 16 studies). Four studies addressed the association between both cutaneous and mucosal HPV subtypes and OSSN; the summary RR estimates were 3.52 (95% CI: 1.23-10.08, I(2)=21.8%) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.57-2.05, I(2)=0.0%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Human immunodeficiency virus infection increases the risk of OSSN by nearly eight-fold. Regarding HPV infection, only the cutaneous subtypes seem to be a risk factor

Optimization and characterization of antifungal metabolite from a soil actinomycete <em>Streptomyces indiaensis</em> SRT1

261-271A total of 77 soil actinomycete isolates were screened for antifungal activity by cross streak method and agar well diffusion assay. The potential producer strain AI-32 was identified as Streptomyces indiaensis SRT-1 based on its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The antifungal metabolite from AI-32 was extracted with organic solvents and purified by column chromatography. Its structure was elucidated by UV, FTIR, NMR and LC-MS analysis and was found to contain an aromatic ring fused with a furan ring linked by ester linkages. The culture conditions for the production of antifungal metabolite were optimized by using various physical and chemical parameters. The optimization studies revealed soybean casein digest supplemented with 1% dextrose (SCDD) broth as the suitable production medium, pH as 8.5, temperature (30oC), salinity (2%), and incubation period as 8 days and glucose and soybean meal as suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values, Fusarium oxysporum (NCIM 1072) was found to be more sensitive test pathogen. The effect of antibiotic on spore germination and mycelial development of F. oxysporum was determined in terms of delayed spore germination, appearance of segmented mycelium and ruptured and distorted spores. This study is the first report highlighting the significance of S. indiaensis produced metabolite as a promising antifungal agent

Not Available

Not AvailableSugarcane is the world’s most widely grown sugar crop and accounts for almost 75% of world sugar production. Diseases are the major productivity constraints for sugarcane that considerably reduce cane yield and sugar recovery and identification of resistance is the important and sustainable approach to manage the diseases. More recently, research group headed by Brazilian researchers have characterized the whole genome sequences of a commercial sugarcane cv SP 80-3280 and mapped 3,73,869 genes or ninety nine percent of the total genome. Similarly, revolutionary changes in genomics, approaches through recent NGS techniques combined with availability of complete genomes of various sugarcane pathogens available to date viz., Colletotrichum falcatum, Sporisorium scitamineum, Xanthomonas albilineans, Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, Sugarcane mosaic virus, etc have provided new avenues for the understanding organization of disease resistance gene clusters and their genetic mechanism involved in development of new resistance strategies for the management of sugarcane diseases. Genome wide association study (GWAS), which studies the whole genome for polymorphisms related with composite characters. In the omics era, whole genome sequencing of host and pathogens combined with evolution of different statistical methods for their analyses led to the emergence of GWAS, a potent method for pinpoint genomics region having usual difference of resistant loci in various plants. This review summarizes the literature available from last two decades on genome wide association studies in sugarcane with respect to disease resistance and also deals with novel single nucleotide polymorphism and quantitative trait loci’s hot spots identified for economically important diseases of sugarcaneNot Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableTesting the genetic fidelity of micropropagated clones with DNA markers could curtail the losses caused by somaclonal variation in sugarcane tissue culture industry. Evaluation of 32 inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP) markers and 100 inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) in 47 sugarcane accessions identified 20 (8 IRAPs and 12 ISSRs) polymorphic markers representing 98 loci. IRAP system was superior to ISSR in terms of marker index (2.68 as against 1.76), resolving power (2.85 as against 1.98), and polymorphic loci per assay (6 compared to 4.1), except mean polymorphic information content (0.31 and 0.34). Further evaluation of the 20 polymorphic markers in testing the genetic fidelity of micropropagated sugarcane clones identified a variant clone by three primers of ISSR and one IRAP marker (UBC810, UBC813, UBC840, and LTR6149 + 3’LTR). The unique amplicons from the somaclonal variant were validated by sequencing. Based on the number of bands amplified and proportion of polymorphic loci, a set of six ISSR and four IRAP markers has been recommended to test clonal fidelity for sugarcane tissue culture industry.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableSugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV), a distinct virus species belongs to the genus Polerovirus, family Luteoviridae. SCYLV is one of the major constraints in sugarcane production worldwide and widely distributed in almost all the sugarcane growing countries. SCYLV is known to have great genetic diversity within the species and presently ten genotypes are known to occur in the world. SCYLV is predominantly occurring in most of sugarcane growing states in India. Virion comprised of 180 coat protein units and are icosahedral, non-enveloped ranged from 24 – 29 nm in diameter. As like other poleroviruses, SCYLV genome is monopartite, single stranded positive sense linear RNA of about 6 kb. SCYLV genome is composed of six open reading frames (ORFs), ORF0 encodes a viral suppressor, ORF1 encodes a multifunctional protein, ORF2 encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, ORF3 encodes a viral coat protein, and ORF4 encodes a movement protein and ORF5 is translated by the peptide encoded by ORF3 as a read-through protein via translational read-through mechanism. SCYLV is a phloem limited and predominantly transmitted by sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari), while other aphid species are known to transmit the virus in a circulative manner viz., corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis), rice root aphid (R. rufiabdominalis), and sugarcane wholly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera). SCYLV is not transmitted by sap therefore, its transmission through M. sacchari have been achieved in different crop plants including, wheat (Triticum aestivum L), oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and corn (Zea mays L.) under protected conditions. SCYLV shares a limited natural host range and mainly found to infect sugarcane (Sachharum hybrid), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and columbus grass (Sorghum almum). SCYLV induces mild to prominent yellowing of the midrib, smaller leaves, bunching of leaves at the crown region of the plants, shortened internodes, yellowing across the leaf lamina, and necrosis from the leaf tip towards the leaf base along the midrib. Subsequently, complete drying of leaves and stunted growth during the severe infection. In India, yellow leaf disease (YLD) severity is varying with different genotypes cultivated in different agro–climatic conditions. Therefore, integrated disease management (IDM) approaches needs to adapt to cope up with huge economic loss due to this virus.Not Availabl