Implementation of the Ordinal Shapley Value for a three-agent economy

We propose a simple mechanism that implements the Ordinal Shapley Value (Pérez-Castrillo and Wettstein [2005]) for economies with three or less agents.We gratefully acknowledge financial support from project BEC 2003-01133, the Generalitat de Catalunya (2001 SGR-00162 and Barcelona Economics, CREA), and the Israeli Science Foundation

Pathogenetic role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) for the development of peritoneal tuberculosis in an experiment

Currently tuberculosis is considered as a group of diseases united by one etiological factor. The pathogenesis of certain localizations of tuberculous inflammation, in particular peritoneum tuberculosis, hasn’t been sufficiently studied. The role of cytokine mechanisms in the development of the disease and the elaboration of non-sterile immunity requires further experimental studies, in particular the creation of a reproducible model on laboratory animals.The aim: to study the effect of TNF-α on the development of tuberculosis of the serous coat of the abdominal cavity, as well as to evaluate the possibility of modeling tuberculous peritonitis in laboratory animals using infliximab.Materials and methods. The studies were conducted on 18 male rabbits, which were simulated peritoneal tuberculosis by intra-abdominal administration of a suspension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 10 rabbits of the experimental group were intravenously injected with an infliximab solution and an iron (III) hydroxide sucrose complex intraperitoneally a day before infection.Results. In the control group of animals, tuberculosis either didn’t develop, or in a third of cases it affected only the pulmonary parenchyma, while proliferative processes prevailed. On the contrary, in animals with inactivated TNF-α, in 100 % of observations, tuberculous peritonitis was detected with associated lung damage and the predominance of alterative caseous processes.Conclusion. The created model of tuberculous peritonitis shows the leading role of TNF-α in the activation of macrophages, as well as in attracting cells to the site of infection. This is the primary signal necessary for the formation and stability of granulomas since the neutralization of this cytokine leads to a loss of control over the infection and the destruction of the granuloma with the development of destructive tuberculosis in the serous coat of the abdominal cavity

Влияние антагонистов α2-адренорецепторов на характеристики электроэнцефалограмм кроликов при введении дексмедетомидина

The humane treatment of laboratory animals is an integral part of good laboratory practice. It remains relevant to study the anaesthetic effects of various medicinal products helping to reduce pain and distress in laboratory animals.The aim of the study was to compare the effects of the α2 blockers proroxan and atipamezole on changes in electroencephalogram rhythm index ratios after dexmedetomidine administration.Materials and methods. The study used male Soviet chinchilla rabbits weighing 3.0±0.3 kg (n=12). Study animals received single injections of 100 μg/kg dexmedetomidine subcutaneously, 50 μg/kg atipamezole intramuscularly, and 170 μg/kg proroxan intravenously (equimolar to the dose of dexmedetomidine). The effects of these medicinal products were evaluated by pharmacoelectroencephalography. The authors recorded electroencephalograms using cup electrodes and a Neuron-Spectrum-1 8-channel encephalograph (Neurosoft, Russia)  with  a  bandwidth of 0.5–35 Hz and a sampling frequency of 500 Hz. The distribution of quantitative characteristics was checked for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk W test. The authors used one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test to evaluate the significance of differences for the normal distribution of quantitative characteristics; they used the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test with  Dunn’s  post  hoc  test  for the non-normal one.Results. Dexmedetomidine administration resulted in significant two-hour changes in the rabbit brain, and the authors observed an increase in the delta rhythm and     a decrease in the theta rhythm. At equimolar doses, atipamezole returned the ratios of the wave rhythm indices to the baseline values, whereas proroxan had no effect on the ratios.Conclusions. As demonstrated by the neutralisation of dexmedetomidine sedative and hypnotic effects, atipamezole can be used in veterinary for recovery from anaesthesia. Proroxan, on the contrary, is not effective in reversing the sedative effect of dexmedetomidine.Неотъемлемой частью надлежащей лабораторной практики является гуманное отношение к лабораторным животным. Актуальными  остаются  исследования  по изучению анестезирующего действия различных препаратов, позволяющих снизить болевой синдром и дистресс у лабораторных животных.Цель работы: оценка  влияния  α2-адреноблокаторов  пророксана  и  атипамезола на изменение отношения индексов ритмов  волн  электроэнцефалограмм при введении дексмедетомидина.Материалы и методы: в исследовании были использованы кролики-самцы линии Советская шиншилла массой 3,0±0,3 кг (n=12). Дексмедетомидин вводили однократно подкожно в дозе 100 мкг/кг, атипамезол — 50 мкг/кг внутримышечно, пророксан — 170 мкг/кг внутривенно (дозы эквимолярны дозе дексмедетомидина). Действие препарата оценивали методом фармакоэлектроэнцефалографии. Запись электроэнцефалограмм животных осуществляли с помощью чашечковых электродов с использованием 8-канального энцефалографа «Нейрон-Спектр-1» с полосой пропускания 0,5–35 Гц и частотой квантования 500 Гц. Осуществляли проверку распределения количественных признаков с использованием W-критерия Шапиро–Уилка. При нормальном распределении количественных признаков значимость различий оценивали с помощью однофакторного дисперсионного  анализа  ANOVA  с  post-hoc-тестом  по  Даннетту; при распределении, отличном от нормального, — с помощью непараметрического критерия Краскела–Уоллиса с post-hoc-тестом по Данну.Результаты: в результате введения дексмедетомидина наблюдали достоверное увеличение δ-ритма и снижение θ-ритма головного мозга кроликов на протяжении 2 ч. Введение атипамезола в эквимолярных количествах возвращало соотношение индексов ритмов к исходным значениям, эквимолярное введение пророксана не влияло на соотношение индексов ритмов волн.Выводы: атипамезол устраняет седативное и гипнотическое действие дексмедетомидина, что подтверждает возможность его применения в ветеринарной практике для вывода из наркоза. В свою очередь, применение пророксана с целью устранения седативного эффекта дексмедетомидина неэффективно

Pharmacotherapy treatment principles for insomnia

Pharmacotherapy of insomnia is an integral part of the treatment of this clinical syndrome. The range of drugs used for the treatment of sleep disorders is quite extensive, and not all of them are “true” sleeping pills”. Such pills often belong to the various classes of psychotropic medications. Advanced sleeping pills taken in compliance with the necessary rules provide the necessary sleeping effect without accompanied negative changes in the sleep structure and the quality of the subsequent waking. The domestic and foreign studies, the leading professional community guidelines (the Russian Society of Somanologists – 2016, the European Sleep Research Society – 2017, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine – 2017, the American College of Physicians – 2016) show that normalization of sleep in patients with insomnia by various methods, including pharmacotherapy, neutralizes its negative effects, improves the adaptive capacity of the individual and prevents the chronic sleep disorders with severe adverse effects

A branch-and-price-and-cut method for computing an optimal bramble

Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription.Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription.Given an undirected graph, a bramble is a set of connected subgraphs (called bramble elements) such that every pair of subgraphs either contains a common node, or such that an edge ( i , j ) exists with node i belonging to one subgraph and node j belonging to the other. In this paper we examine the problem of finding the bramble number of a graph, along with a set of bramble elements that yields this number. The bramble number is the largest cardinality of a minimum hitting set over all bramble elements on this graph. A graph with bramble number k has a treewidth of k - 1 . We provide a branch-and-price-and-cut method that generates columns corresponding to bramble elements, and rows corresponding to hitting sets. We then examine the computational efficacy of our algorithm on a randomly generated data set.Defense Threat Reduction Agency ; Air Force Office of Scientific Research ; Office of Naval Researc

Influence of α₂-Adrenoreceptor Antagonists on Electroencephalogram Characteristics after Dexmedetomidine Administration in Rabbits

The humane treatment of laboratory animals is an integral part of good laboratory practice. It remains relevant to study the anaesthetic effects of various medicinal products helping to reduce pain and distress in laboratory animals.The aim of the study was to compare the effects of the α2 blockers proroxan and atipamezole on changes in electroencephalogram rhythm index ratios after dexmedetomidine administration.Materials and methods. The study used male Soviet chinchilla rabbits weighing 3.0±0.3 kg (n=12). Study animals received single injections of 100 μg/kg dexmedetomidine subcutaneously, 50 μg/kg atipamezole intramuscularly, and 170 μg/kg proroxan intravenously (equimolar to the dose of dexmedetomidine). The effects of these medicinal products were evaluated by pharmacoelectroencephalography. The authors recorded electroencephalograms using cup electrodes and a Neuron-Spectrum-1 8-channel encephalograph (Neurosoft, Russia)  with  a  bandwidth of 0.5–35 Hz and a sampling frequency of 500 Hz. The distribution of quantitative characteristics was checked for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk W test. The authors used one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test to evaluate the significance of differences for the normal distribution of quantitative characteristics; they used the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test with  Dunn’s  post  hoc  test  for the non-normal one.Results. Dexmedetomidine administration resulted in significant two-hour changes in the rabbit brain, and the authors observed an increase in the delta rhythm and     a decrease in the theta rhythm. At equimolar doses, atipamezole returned the ratios of the wave rhythm indices to the baseline values, whereas proroxan had no effect on the ratios.Conclusions. As demonstrated by the neutralisation of dexmedetomidine sedative and hypnotic effects, atipamezole can be used in veterinary for recovery from anaesthesia. Proroxan, on the contrary, is not effective in reversing the sedative effect of dexmedetomidine