Researching YouTube

‘Researching YouTube’ introduces the special issue of Convergence which arose out of an international academic conference on YouTube that was held in London at Middlesex University in September 2016. The conference aimed to generate a robust overview of YouTube’s changing character and significance after its first ten years of development by creating a productive dialogue between speakers from different disciplines and cultures, and between YouTube-specific research and wider debates in media and social research on identity, aesthetics, politics, celebrity, production practices, business models, and research methods in digital culture. This introduction is structured around four themes that help to contextualise the papers that were selected from the many submitted for inclusion in the special issue and offers a substantial overview of the field of research: Participatory Culture and User-Generated Content; YouTube as a Hybrid Commercial Space; Vlogging and YouTube Celebrity; The ‘Mystery’ of the Algorithm and Digital Methods of Research

Why vitamin D for cancer patients?

Several epidemiological, pre-clinical and clinical studies support Vitamin D as a preventive and therapeutic cancer agent

On the limiting mechanism of irradiation enhancement of I/sub c/

Irradiation may significantly increase I/sub c/ in HTS. A systematic pattern occurs: R=I/sub c/(afterirr.)/I/sub c/(beforeirr.) increases at low defect density, d. It reaches a peak, and then it falls below 1 at high d. The pinning center mechanism, which causes R to increase, has been extensively studied. The falloff in R has not. It has been considered a secondary effect. Here, we will show that the fall-off plays an important role in determining the maximum I/sub c/ enhancement achievable. A phenomenological model to describe the R-vs.-d curve, over the entire d range, is proposed. The idea is that R is the product of two competing effects. (i) Irradiation damage acts as pinning centers, hence increases critical current density, J/sub c/. (ii) Damage reduces the flow-area. Hence, it decreases the net critical current. Data on U/n processed Bi-2223 tapes are fitted to this model. The fitting indicates: (1) the reduction of the flow-area accounts for the majority of the R falloff; and (2) It is sufficient to describe J/sub c/ enhancement as linear with d, and it depending on field and temperature only through the ratio b=B/B/sub irr/, where B/sub irr/ is the irreversible field before irradiation

Low value of detection of KRAS2 mutations in circulating DNA to differentiate chronic pancreatitis to pancreatic cancer

We read with great interest the article by Maire et al (2002), who evaluate the K-Ras mutations in circulating DNA to differentiate pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis. Based on this, we also analysed KRAS2 mutations in the serum of 30 patients with pancreatic cancer and 40 patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatic cancer patients were staged by means of dynamic computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography and/or endoscopic ultrasonography. Diagnosis was histologically confirmed for the patients who underwent surgery. The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis was based on the radiologic data obtained by means of either endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or computed tomography. DNA was extracted from 20 ml of the serum by using the QIAmp Blood Kit (Qiagen) and the mutations in codon 12 of the K-ras gene were searched as described previously (Jiang et al, 1989). As positive controls, we used DNA from neoplastic tissues of 10 patients with pancreatic carcinoma by using the DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen). For molecular analysis, DNA was amplified in the codon 12 region introducing a restriction site (GACCT) for digestion with BstNl restriction enzyme (PCR-RFLP). DNA from peripheral blood resulted not mutated in the 40 patients with chronic pancreatitis and in the 30 with pancreatic carcinoma, while DNA from pancreatic neoplastic tissue resulted mutated in 70% of the samples. To verify our results, all the samples were analysed by direct sequencing using Big Dye terminator v 1.1 cycle sequencing Kit and performing runs on ABI Prism 310 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystem) Despite what was mentioned in Maire's article, we failed to find any mutations in all patients analysed, as well as we failed to correlate K-ras mutations with the levels of tumour markers such as Ca 19.9, CA242, CA50, CEA. The results of the present investigation lead us to these conclusions: (1) the eventual presence of cancer cells in peripheral blood may be a rare event, even if numerous reports support the detection of K-ras abnormalities in the serum, (2) neoplastic cells are supposed to circulate in clusters, and consequently their cognition could be hampered by a single blood sample extraction. (3) Large amounts of nonmutated DNA, coming from leucocytes held in the buffy coat layer, might also mask some vestiges of the mutant type of K-ras gene