24,052 research outputs found
Sketch-based virtual human modelling and animation
Animated virtual humans created by skilled artists play a remarkable role in today’s public entertainment. However, ordinary users are still treated as audiences due to the lack of appropriate expertise, equipment, and computer skills. We developed a new method and a novel sketching interface, which enable anyone who can draw to “sketch-out” 3D virtual humans and animation.
We devised a “Stick FigureFleshing-outSkin Mapping” graphical pipeline, which decomposes the complexity of figure drawing and considerably boosts the modelling and animation efficiency. We developed a gesture-based method for 3D pose reconstruction from 2D stick figure drawings. We investigated a “Creative Model-based Method”, which performs a human perception process to transfer users’ 2D freehand sketches into 3D human bodies of various body sizes, shapes and fat distributions. Our current system supports character animation in various forms including articulated figure animation, 3D mesh model animation, and 2D contour/NPR animation with personalised drawing styles. Moreover, this interface also supports sketch-based crowd animation and 2D storyboarding of 3D multiple character interactions. A preliminary user study was conducted to support the overall system design. Our system has been formally tested by various users on Tablet PC. After minimal training, even a beginner can create vivid virtual humans and animate them within minutes
Sketching-out virtual humans: From 2d storyboarding to immediate 3d character animation
Virtual beings are playing a remarkable role in today’s public entertainment, while ordinary users are still treated as audiences due to the lack of appropriate expertise, equipment, and computer skills. In this paper, we present a fast and intuitive storyboarding interface, which enables users to sketch-out 3D virtual humans, 2D/3D animations, and character intercommunication. We devised an intuitive “stick figurefleshing-outskin mapping” graphical animation pipeline, which realises the whole process of key framing, 3D pose reconstruction, virtual human modelling, motion path/timing control, and the final animation synthesis by almost pure 2D sketching. A “creative model-based method” is developed, which emulates a human perception process, to generate the 3D human bodies of variational sizes, shapes, and fat distributions. Meanwhile, our current system also supports the sketch-based crowd animation and the storyboarding of the 3D multiple character intercommunication. This system has been formally tested by various users on Tablet PC. After minimal training, even a beginner can create vivid virtual humans and animate them within minutes
Sketching-out virtual humans: A smart interface for human modelling and animation
In this paper, we present a fast and intuitive interface for sketching out
3D virtual humans and animation. The user draws stick figure key frames first and
chooses one for “fleshing-out” with freehand body contours. The system
automatically constructs a plausible 3D skin surface from the rendered figure, and
maps it onto the posed stick figures to produce the 3D character animation. A
“creative model-based method” is developed, which performs a human perception
process to generate 3D human bodies of various body sizes, shapes and fat
distributions. In this approach, an anatomical 3D generic model has been created with
three distinct layers: skeleton, fat tissue, and skin. It can be transformed sequentially
through rigid morphing, fatness morphing, and surface fitting to match the original
2D sketch. An auto-beautification function is also offered to regularise the 3D
asymmetrical bodies from users’ imperfect figure sketches. Our current system
delivers character animation in various forms, including articulated figure animation,
3D mesh model animation, 2D contour figure animation, and even 2D NPR animation
with personalised drawing styles. The system has been formally tested by various
users on Tablet PC. After minimal training, even a beginner can create vivid virtual
humans and animate them within minutes
Distributed state estimation in sensor networks with randomly occurring nonlinearities subject to time delays
This is the post-print version of the Article. The official published version can be accessed from the links below - Copyright @ 2012 ACM.This article is concerned with a new distributed state estimation problem for a class of dynamical systems in sensor networks. The target plant is described by a set of differential equations disturbed by a Brownian motion and randomly occurring nonlinearities (RONs) subject to time delays. The RONs are investigated here to reflect network-induced randomly occurring regulation of the delayed states on the current ones. Through available measurement output transmitted from the sensors, a distributed state estimator is designed to estimate the states of the target system, where each sensor can communicate with the neighboring sensors according to the given topology by means of a directed graph. The state estimation is carried out in a distributed way and is therefore applicable to online application. By resorting to the Lyapunov functional combined with stochastic analysis techniques, several delay-dependent criteria are established that not only ensure the estimation error to be globally asymptotically stable in the mean square, but also guarantee the existence of the desired estimator gains that can then be explicitly expressed when certain matrix inequalities are solved. A numerical example is given to verify the designed distributed state estimators.This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61028008, 60804028 and 61174136, the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province of China, the Project sponsored by SRF for ROCS of SEM of China, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) of the UK under Grant GR/S27658/01, the Royal Society of the UK,
and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany
Discrete Razumikhin-type technique and stability of the Euler-Maruyama method to stochastic functional differential equations
A discrete stochastic Razumikhin-type theorem is established to investigate whether the Euler--Maruyama (EM) scheme can reproduce the moment exponential stability of exact solutions of stochastic functional differential equations (SFDEs). In addition, the Chebyshev inequality and the Borel-Cantelli lemma are applied to show the almost sure stability of the EM approximate solutions of SFDEs. To show our idea clearly, these results are used to discuss stability of numerical solutions of two classes of special SFDEs, including stochastic delay differential equations (SDDEs) with variable delay and stochastically perturbed equations
Microlensing of collimated Gamma-Ray Burst afterglows
We investigate stellar microlensing of the collimated gamma-ray burst
afterglows. A spherical afterglow appears on the sky as a superluminally
expanding thin ring (``ring-like'' image), which is maximally amplified as it
crosses the lens. We find that the image of the collimated afterglow becomes
quite uniform (``disk-like'' image) after the jet break time (after the Lorentz
factor of the jet drops below the inverse of the jet opening angle).
Consequently, the amplification peak in the light curve after the break time is
lower and broader. Therefore detailed monitoring of the amplification history
will be able to test whether the afterglows are jets or not, i.e.,
``disk-like'' or not, if the lensing occurs after the break time. We also show
that some proper motion and polarization is expected, peaking around the
maximum amplification. The simultaneous detection of the proper motion and the
polarization will strengthen that the brightening of the light curve is due to
microlensing.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
A 1.3 cm line survey toward IRC +10216
IRC +10216 is the prototypical carbon star exhibiting an extended molecular
circumstellar envelope. Its spectral properties are therefore the template for
an entire class of objects. The main goal is to systematically study the
1.3 cm spectral line characteristics of IRC +10216. We carried
out a spectral line survey with the Effelsberg-100 m telescope toward IRC
+10216. It covers the frequency range between 17.8 GHz and 26.3 GHz (K-band).
In the circumstellar shell of IRC +10216, we find 78 spectral lines, among
which 12 remain unidentified. The identified lines are assigned to 18 different
molecules and radicals. A total of 23 lines from species known to exist in this
envelope are detected for the first time outside the Solar System and there are
additional 20 lines first detected in IRC +10216. The potential orgin of "U"
lines is also discussed. Assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), we
then determine rotational temperatures and column densities of 17 detected
molecules. Molecular abundances relative to H are also estimated. A
non-LTE analysis of NH shows that the bulk of its emission arises from
the inner envelope with a kinetic temperature of 7020 K. Evidence for
NH emitting gas with higher kinetic temperature is also obtained, and
potential abundance differences between various C-bearing isotopologues
of HCN are evaluated. Overall, the isotopic C/C ratio is
estimated to be 499. Finally, a comparison of detected molecules in the
1.3 cm range with the dark cloud TMC-1 indicates that
silicate-bearing molecules are more predominant in IRC +10216.Comment: 32 pages, 9 figures, Accepted by A&
The influence of baryons on the mass distribution of dark matter halos
Using a set of high-resolution N-body/SPH cosmological simulations with
identical initial conditions but run with different numerical setups, we
investigate the influence of baryonic matter on the mass distribution of dark
halos when radiative cooling is NOT included. We compare the concentration
parameters of about 400 massive halos with virial mass from \Msun to
\Msun. We find that the concentration parameters for the
total mass and dark matter distributions in non radiative simulations are on
average larger by ~3% and 10% than those in a pure dark matter simulation. Our
results indicate that the total mass density profile is little affected by a
hot gas component in the simulations. After carefully excluding the effects of
resolutions and spurious two-body heating between dark matter and gas
particles, we conclude that the increase of the dark matter concentration
parameters is due to interactions between baryons and dark matter. We
demonstrate this with the aid of idealized simulations of two-body mergers. The
results of individual halos simulated with different mass resolutions show that
the gas profiles of densities, temperature and entropy are subjects of mass
resolution of SPH particles. In particular, we find that in the inner parts of
halos, as the SPH resolution increases the gas density becomes higher but both
the entropy and temperature decrease.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, ApJ in press (v652n1); updated to match
with the being published versio
The Luminosity Function of high-redshift QSOs - A combined analysis of GOODS and SDSS
Aims: In this work the luminosity function of QSOs is measured in the
redshift range 3.5<z<5.2 for the absolute magnitude interval -21<M_{145}<-28.
The determination of the faint end of the luminosity function at these
redshifts provides important constraints on models of joint evolution of
galaxies and AGNs. Methods: We have defined suitable criteria to select faint
QSOs in the GOODS fields, checking in detail their effectiveness and
completeness. Spectroscopic follow-up of the resulting QSO candidates has been
carried out. The confirmed sample of faint QSOs is compared with a brighter one
derived from the SDSS. We have used a Monte-Carlo technique to estimate the
properties of the luminosity function, checking various parameterizations for
its shape and evolution. Results: Models based on Pure Density Evolution show
better agreement with observation than models based on Pure Luminosity
Evolution. However a different break magnitude with respect to z~2.1 is
required at 3.5<z<5.2. Models with a steeper faint end score a higher
probability. We do not find any evidence for a flattening of the bright end at
redshift z>3.5. Conclusions: The estimated space density evolution of QSOs
indicates a suppression of the formation and/or feeding of Supermassive Black
Holes at these redshifts. The QSO contribution to the UV background is
insufficient to ionize the IGM at 3.5<z<5.2.Comment: 17 pages, 13 ps figures, A&A accepted. Updated to journal versio
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