Synthesis and Reactivity of Acyclic (pentadienyl)iron(1+) Cations: Model Studies for the Preparation of the 8\u3cem\u3eE\u3c/em\u3e,10\u3cem\u3eZ\u3c/em\u3e,16\u3cem\u3eE\u3c/em\u3e,18\u3cem\u3eE\u3c/em\u3e-Tetraene Segment of Macrolactin A

The dicarbonyl(1,2-dimethylpentadienyl)triphenylphosphineiron(1+) cation (11) has been prepared from methyl 4-methyl-2E,4E-hexadienoate in four steps. The cation (11) reacts with hydride and carbon nucleophiles in a regiospecific fashion to afford (3-methyl-2E,4Z-diene)iron complexes. Dicarbonyl(3-methyl-7-nitro-2E,4Z-heptadiene)triphenylphosphineiron (15), the product from the reaction of 11 with nitromethane anion, has been utilized as a precursor for nitrile oxide–olefin cyclocondensations

Modulation of macrophage functions by sheeppox virus provides clues to understand interaction of the virus with host immune system

BACKGROUND: Poxviruses encode a range of immunomodulatory genes to subvert or evade the challenges posed by the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the inactivated poxviruses possessed immunostimulating capacity and were used as a prophylactic or metaphylactic application that efficiently reduced susceptibility to infectious diseases in different species. This fact is intensively studied in different genera of poxviruses. However, little is known about the basic mechanisms adopted by sheeppox virus (SPPV). SPPV causes an acute disease of sheep that recently, has been observed to reinfect its host in spite of vaccination. RESULTS: By injecting inactivated or attenuated sheeppox virus SPPV vaccine in adult male Swiss mice, SPPV was found to reduce macrophages' functions in a local event that occurs at the site of application 12 h after vaccine administration as indicated by increased level of IL-10 and decreased level of SOD from cultured peritoneal macrophages. In contrast increased levels of IL-12, and SOD activity from cultured splenic macrophages, lymphocyte response to PHA-P, and in-vivo response to T-dependant Ag were detected. These effects were observed in both attenuated and inactivated SPPV, but more prominent in attenuated one. CONCLUSION: The results of this study help to elucidate, the phenomenon of existence natural SPPV infections in sheep instead of vaccination and the basic mechanisms responsible for the immunostimulating capacity of sheeppox virus. Locally, SPPV shows evidence for an immune escape mechanism that alleviates the host's immune response. Later and systemically, the virus protects the host from any fatal consequences of the immune system suppression

Reaction of tricarbonyl(dienal)iron complexes with B-allyldiisopinocampheylborane

Addition of allyldiisopinocampheylborane to racemic (dienal)iron complexes, followed by oxidation, affords diastereomeric (1,4,6-trien-3-ol)iron complexes with moderate to low enantioselectivity. The high enantioselectivity typically observed for this allylborane reagent is attenuated by steric interaction between the Fe(CO)3 group and the chiral isopinocampheyl groups. Further diminution of the enantioselectivity is observed for dienal complexes in which one rotomer predominates

The beneficial roles of insulin and parathyroid hormones in the treatment of experimentally induced diabetic osteoporosis in female rats: bone mineral density, morphometric and histological studies

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and osteoporosis are two frequent medical conditions with an increasing prevalence in elderly people and are responsible for large number of incurable fractures. This study is designed experimentally in female rats in order to determine whether combined treatment of insulin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) enhances the reversibility of the osteoporotic changes that occurred in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM. Materials and methods: In this study, 30 adult female rats aged 3 months were used, they were randomly divided into: control group (6 rats) and diabetes group (24 rats), in which experimental DM was induced by i.p. injection of a single dose of STZ (60 mg/kg/body weight). Diabetic group was further divided into four subgroups (6 rats each): non-treated diabetic, insulin-treated (8–12 units s.c./day of Humalin U-40), PTH-treated (6.0 μg s.c./kg/day) and combined insulin and PTH-treated subgroups. All tested groups were assessed for body weight, food and water consumptions. Results: At the end of the experimental period, the bone mineral density (BMD) was measured for all rats of different groups; then the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for measuring glucose, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels. Right femora were dissected out and subjected to measurement of diameter of neck and shaft, length of shaft, and weight. Then the femora specimens were processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histological study. The results showed that there was a statistically significant, decrease in BMD, increase in the level of alkaline phosphate, and decrease in the level of osteocalcin in rats in diabetic group compared with other groups; these parameters improved in other groups, especially in diabetes/insulin/PTH group. The rats in diabetic group showed statistically significant decrease in neck and shaft diameters and weight of femur bone compared with other groups, while rats in diabetes/insulin/PTH group showed a significant improvement of these parameters. In diabetic group, there were different histopathological changes in cortical bone and Haversian canals, which improved in other groups, especially in rats in diabetes/insulin/PTH group. Conclusions: The untreated DM resulted in dramatic reduction in BMD and morphometric parameters. Treatment with insulin ameliorated these effects to some extent, while PTH co­-treatment had a more positive effect. The combination of PTH and insulin resulted in stronger improvement of all parameters to approximately like those of control rats

Noise uncertainty effect on multi-channel cognitive radio networks

Achieving high throughput is the most important goal of cognitive radio networks. The main process in cognitive radio is spectrum sensing that targets getting vacant channels. There are many sensing methods like matched filter, feature detection, interference temperature and energy detection which is employed in the proposed system; however, energy detection suffers from noise uncertainty. In this paper a study of throughput under noise fluctuation effect is introduced. The work in this paper proposes multi-channel system; the overall multi-channel throughput is studied under noise fluctuation effect. In addition, the proficiency of the network has been examined under different number of channels and sensing time with noise uncertainty

Propositional calculus for adjointness lattices

Recently, Morsi has developed a complete syntax for the class of all adjointness algebras $\left( L,\leq ,A,K,H\right)$. There, $\left( L,\leq \right)$ is a partially ordered set with top element $1$, $K$ is a conjunction on $\left( L,\leq \right)$ for which $1$ is a left identity element, and the two implication-like binary operations $A$ and $H$ on $L$ are adjoints of $K$. In this paper, we extend that formal system to one for the class $ADJL$ of all 9-tuples $\left( L,\leq ,1,0,A,K,H,\wedge ,\vee \right)$, called \emph{% adjointness lattices}; in each of which $\left( L,\leq ,1,0,\wedge ,\vee \right)$ is a bounded lattice, and $\left( L,\leq ,A,K,H\right)$ is an adjointness algebra. We call it \emph{Propositional Calculus for Adjointness Lattices}, abbreviated $AdjLPC$. Our axiom scheme for $AdjLPC$ features four inference rules and thirteen axioms. We deduce enough theorems and inferences in $AdjLPC$ to establish its completeness for $ADJL$; by means of a quotient-algebra structure (a Lindenbaum type of algebra). We study two negation-like unary operations in an adjointness lattice, defined by means of $0$ together with $A$ and $H$. We end by developing complete syntax for all adjointness lattices whose implications are $S$-type implications