Couscous manufacture in fluidized bed by wet agglomeration of wheat semolina

Agglomeration is a key unitary operation in a number of industries (pharmaceutical, chemical, food, civil engineering). The agglomeration process controls the structural characteristics and final properties of agglomerates. One of the activities involving food agglomeration is the production of  couscous by agglomeration of durum wheat semolina. Couscous is considered the most important traditional dish among the Maghreb people. The industrial process of couscous production includes various stages, the most important of which is wet granulation of semolina, which contributes to the quality of the final product. The agglomeration of cereal powders from different origins (durum wheat, maize and barley) has been performed in a variety of equipment such as high shear mixers, drum mills and fluidized beds. However, the agglomeration of semolina in fluidized beds has had very limited study. The purpose of this research is, therefore, to study couscous production using durum wheat semolina in a fluidized bed equipped with a spray nozzle. The fluidized bed has the advantage of generating strong particle movement and intense mixing to increase the size of the granules evenly throughout the mass used.The efficiency of this process is determined by the couscous yield defined as the mass ratio of couscous to raw material. The results showed that couscous can be produced from semolina by wet fluidized bed agglomeration with a specific effect of fluidification air flow, liquid flow, bed temperature and spray liquid properties on the couscous quality (size, brittleness and morphology) as well as on yield. The latter rose by 60% when the water containing flour was sprayed. Furthermore, the results of this study showed that granules size changes directly with the liquid flow rate, while temperature and air flow have an opposite effect. It was also found that changing binder components have an effect on the quality of the agglomeration of the product. Key words: Couscous, agglomeration, fluidization, semolina, friability, granulation, atomization, size enlargement, dryin

Modelling of Heat Transfer in a Fluidized Bed Reactor Irradiated Indirectly by Concentrated Solar Energy

AbstractA two phases model of air heating in bubbling fluidized bed of sand particles with concentrated solar radiation as source of energy is developed. This model is based on the Kato and Wen's model (1969) for the hydrodynamic aspect which was modified to take account the thermic aspect. Nine algebraic equations were established in permanent regime for different heat and mass balances as well as heat losses against surrounding media. The Newton Raphson's method was used to solve this system of equations. Results have shown that the model developed is able to predict the temperature profiles of gas and particles in the bubble and emulsion phases, the wall temperature along the reactor, the heat flux transferred to the bed and heat losses by forced convection and radiation to surrounding air. The effects of the fluidizing air velocity, total mass of particles and the wind velocity on the thermal behaviours were examined. Model predictions seem reasonable looking for its comparison agreement with bibliographical data

Modelling and experimental validation of a fluidized bed reactor freeboard region: application to natural gas combustion

A theoretical and experimental study of natural gas-air mixture combustion in a fluidized bed of sand particles is presented. The operating temperatures are lower than a critical temperature of 800 °C above which the combustion occurs in the vicinity of the fluidized bed. Our study focusses on the freeboard zone where most of the methane combustion takes place at such temperatures. Experimental results show the essential role of the projection zone in determining the global thermal efficiency of the reactor. The dense bed temperature, the fluidizing velocity and the mean particle diameter significantly affect the thermal behaviours. A model for natural gas-air mixture combustion in fluidized beds is proposed, counting for interactions between dense and dilute regions of the reactor [Pré et al. (1998)] supplemented with the freeboard region modelling of Kunii-Levenspiel (1990). Thermal exchanges due to the convection between gas and particles, and due to the conduction and radiation phenomena between the gas-particle suspension and the reactor walls are counted. The kinetic scheme for the methane conversion is that proposed by Dryer and Glassman (1973). Model predictions are in good agreement with the measurements