THE EFFECTS OF THE ETHANOL EXTRACT OF MAHONI SEEDS (Swietenia macrophylla King) ON THE DIABETIC RATS INDUCTED WITH STREPTOZOTOCIN

background: Hyperglycemia causes oxidative stress and lead to diabetes complications. MDA is the result of peroxyde lipids due to the increasing ROS and causes glomerular hypertrophy resulted in a decrease marked with the increasing filtrate rate with the increasing creatinine serum and the presence of protein in the urine. Swietenia macrophilla King has as antidiabetic activity of which its parts to be used are often seeds that contain saponins.Objective: The study was conducted to determine the effects on renal protection by observing the serum creatinine parameters, MDA, and urinary protein.Methods: The subjects were 30 Wistar strain white rats aged 6-8 weeks weighing 180-200 grams. The subjects were conditioned with 60 mg/kgBW streptozotocin induced diabetes. Subjects were grouped into the control group, the diabetes, the ethanol extract of mahogany seeds (S. macrophylla King) 50 mg/kgBW group, 100 mg/kgBW and 200mg/kgBW groups. The administering of ethanol extract of mahogany seeds (S. macrophylla King)  was conducted for ± 21 days and serum creatinine inspection parameters, MDA and urinary protein before and after the extract mahogany.Results: The study showed that within the group of ethanol extract of mahogany seeds (S. macrophylla King) 50 mg/kgBW, 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW there are decreasing levels of blood glucose, serum creatinine, urine protein MDA and significant with p <0.05 and ethanol extract of mahogany seeds (S. macrophylla King)  200mg/kgBW give effect best.Conclusion: Administering ethanol extract of mahogany seeds (S. macrophylla King) to Wistar strain rats can prevent complications towards impaired renal function by observing the decline of serum creatinine, MDA and urinary protein. Keywords : hyperglycemia, Swietenia macrophylla King, serum creatinine, MDA, urinary Protein

Ziehl-neelsen staining technique can diagnose paragonimiasis

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the Ziehl-Neelsen staining (ZNS) technique for the diagnosis of paragonimiasis in Laos and compared different modifications of the ZNS techniques. METHODOLOGY: WE APPLIED THE FOLLOWING APPROACH: We (1) examined a paragonimiasis index case's sputum with wet film direct examination (WF) and ZNS; (2) re-examined stored ZNS slides from two provinces; (3) compared prospectively WF, ZNS, and formalin-ether concentration technique (FECT) for sputum examination of patients with chronic cough; and (4) compared different ZNS procedures. Finally, we assessed excess direct costs associated with the use of different diagnostic techniques. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Paragonimus eggs were clearly visible in WF and ZNS sputum samples of the index case. They appeared brownish-reddish in ZNS and were detected in 6 of 263 archived ZNS slides corresponding to 5 patients. One hundred sputum samples from 43 patients were examined with three techniques, which revealed that 6 patients had paragonimiasis (13 positive samples). Sensitivity per slide of the FECT, ZNS and the WF technique was 84.6 (p = 0.48), 76.9 (p = 0.25) and 61.5% (p = 0.07), respectively. Percentage of fragmented eggs was below 19% and did not differ between techniques (p = 0.13). Additional operational costs per slide were 0 (ZNS), 0.10 US$(WF), and 0.79 US$ (FECT). ZNS heated for five minutes contained less eggs than briefly heated slides (29 eggs per slide [eps] vs. 42 eps, p = 0.01). Bloodstained sputum portions contained more eggs than unstained parts (3.3 eps vs. 0.7 eps, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Paragonimus eggs can easily be detected in today's widely used ZNS of sputum slides. The ZNS technique appears superior to the standard WF sputum examination for paragonimiasis and eliminates the risk of tuberculosis transmission. Our findings suggest that ZNS sputum slides should also be examined routinely for Paragonimus eggs. ZNS technique has potential in epidemiological research o paragonimiasi