Stochastically-modulated inter-pulse intervals to increase the efficiency of functional electrical stimulation cycling

Introduction: Functional electrical stimulation cycling has various health benefits, but the mechanical power output and efficiency are very low compared to volitional muscle activation. Stimulation with variable frequency showed significantly higher power output values in experiments with a knee dynamometer. The aim of the present work was to compare stochastic modulation of inter-pulse interval to constant inter-pulse interval stimulation during functional electrical stimulation cycling. Methods: Seventeen able-bodied subjects participated (n = 17). Quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups were stimulated with two activation patterns: P1-constant frequency, P2-stochastic inter-pulse interval. Power output was measured on functional electrical stimulation ergometer. Results: Overall, mean power output with the stochastically modulated pattern P2 was lower than with P1 (12.57 ± 3.74 W vs. 11.44 ± 3.81 W, P1 vs. P2, p = 0.022), but no significant differences during the first 30 s and the last 30 s were observed. Conclusions: This study showed that stimulation strategies that use randomized modulation of inter-pulse intervals can negatively affect power output generation during functional electrical stimulation cycling. To minimise voluntary contractions, power measurement and assessment should be focused on the periods where only the quadriceps are stimulated.ISSN:2055-668

1988-1999 Eğitim-Öğretim Yılında Uygulamaya Konulan Öğretmen Yetiştirme Lisans Programlarının Değerlendirilmesi: Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Almanca Öğretmenliği Örneği

YÖK'çe öngörülen ÇÜEF Alman Dili Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı lisans programının değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapılan bu çalışma için hazırlık sınıfından olmamak üzere 156 öğrenciye ve Anabilim Dalımızın 12 öğretim elemanına birer anket uygulanmıştır. Anketler SPSS 11.5 programına aktarılmış, daha sonra yorumlanmıştır. Anket sonucunda program ile sorunlar olduğunu, ancak bu sorunların beklenenin altında olduğunu saptadık. Öğrencilerle ilgili olarak çıkarılabilecek sonuç, çok çelişkili yanıtlar verdikleri ve sorunların tanısını koymada zorlandıkları yönündedir.Öğretim elemanlarında da göreceli bir memnuniyet saptadık.Wir haben 156 Studierende und 12 Lehrbeauftragte je einer Umfrage unterzogen, um ihre Meinung über das von YöK, dem türkischen Hochschulrat vorgeschriebene Studienprogramm der Abteilııng für Deutschlehrerausbildung der Padagogischen Fakultat in Adana zu ermitteln. Die Umfragen wurden zuerst in SPSS 11.5 eingegeben, dann wurden die Ergebnisse interpretiert. Es hat sich ergeben, dass es Studienprogramm-bezogene Probleme gibt, dass diese aber in geringerem Masse sind als erwartet. In Bezug auf die Studierenden könnte man sagen, dass sie bei ihren Antworten inkonsequent sind und Schwierigkeiten bei der Diagnose der Probleme haben. Auch bei Lehrbeauftragten stellten wir eine relative Zufriedenheit fest

Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Alman Dili Eğitimi Öğrencilerinin ve Öğretim Elemanlarının Öğretim/Öğretim Süreçlerine ve Değerlendirmeye Yönelik Görüşleri

YÖK'çe öngörülen ÇÜEF Alman Dili Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı lisans programının değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapılan bu çalışma için hazırlık sınıfından olmamak üzere 156 öğrenciye ve Anabilim Dalımızın 12 öğretim elemanına birer anket uygulanmıştır. Anketler SPSS 11.5 programına aktarılmış, daha sonra yorumlanmıştır. Anket sonucunda program ile sorunlar olduğunu, ancak bu sorunların beklenenin altında olduğunu saptadık. Öğrencilerle ilgili olarak çıkarılabilecek sonuç, çok çelişkili yanıtlar verdikleri ve sorunların tanısını koymada zorlandıkları yönündedir.Öğretim elemanlarında da göreceli bir memnuniyet saptadık.Wir haben 156 Studierende und 12 Lehrbeauftragte je einer Umfrage unterzogen, um ihre Meinung über das von YöK, dem türkischen Hochschulrat vorgeschriebene Studienprogramm der Abteilııng für Deutschlehrerausbildung der Padagogischen Fakultat in Adana zu ermitteln. Die Umfragen wurden zuerst in SPSS 11.5 eingegeben, dann wurden die Ergebnisse interpretiert. Es hat sich ergeben, dass es Studienprogramm-bezogene Probleme gibt, dass diese aber in geringerem Masse sind als erwartet. In Bezug auf die Studierenden könnte man sagen, dass sie bei ihren Antworten inkonsequent sind und Schwierigkeiten bei der Diagnose der Probleme haben. Auch bei Lehrbeauftragten stellten wir eine relative Zufriedenheit fest

Production of the aa2196-tib2 MMCs via PM Technology

In this study, metal matrix composite (MMC) materials were produced via powder metallurgy (PM) technology. Main matrix was obtained with AA2196 (Al-Li Alloy) and TiB2 was used as reinforcement materials. In study; TiB2 reinforcements ratio were chosen between 5 and 15%wt. The metallographic investigation was realized with; SEM, EDS, FASTMAP, Optical Microscope analyzing techniques. Hardness values were obtained with HV1. In the study, the reinforcements could be distributed in main matrix homogeneously, via PM technique. The MMCs hardness values increased with the edition of TiB2 reinforcement. © 2019, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society

Improvement in metallurgical properties of gravity die cast 2024-T6 aluminum alloy via cryogenic process

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cryogenic process (CP) on the properties of 2024-T6 aluminum alloy. So, samples were held at −40 °C medium for 24 h in CP after solution heat treatment. Finally, samples were subjected to aging process at 120 °C for 8 h after CP. Furthermore, aging process was carried out after 0, 1, and 4 h later after CP. Examination of microstructure was executed by SEM, EDS, and optical microscope (OM) observations. Hardness tests were also conducted through HV. Improvement in metallurgical properties of 2024-T6 aluminum alloy was tested with these parameters, in detail. © The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2019

The effect of aging processes on tribo-metallurgy properties of al based ternary alloys product by p/m technique

In this study, Al matrix composites consisting of different amounts of Zn, Cu, and Mg were produced using the powder metallurgy technique. In the alloying, powders were ball milled for 120 min via mechanical alloying. After alloying process, the powders were pressed at 800 MPa at room temperature. Sintering (2 h at 600 °C in argon atmosphere), solution treatment (2 h at 480 °C), and aging processes (3, 6, 9, and 12 h, respectively, at 120 °C) were applied to the samples. The hardness and tribo-metallurgy properties of the products were investigated. After sintering, the hardness values of the three alloys were close to each other; however, the solution treatment after sintering caused the hardness values to increase significantly. It was determined that the Al-2Zn-5Cu-4Mg alloy had the highest hardness increase with the 6-h aging heat treatment. The wear resistance of the materials in all the compositions had increased. The highest wear resistance and lowest friction coefficient were obtained for the Al-2Zn-5Cu-4Mg alloy with the 6-h aging heat treatment. © 2020 Authors. Published by association for ETRAN Society