14 research outputs found
Endemic nephropathy
Autori iznose podatke o rezultatima dosadaÅ”njih ispitivanja endemske nefropatije (ānefropatije balkanskih zemaljaā) jugoslavenskih, bugarskih, rumunjskih i drugih istraživaÄa. OsvrÄu se na historijat, geografsku rasprostranjenost, uÄestalost i istiÄu epidemioloÅ”ke znaÄajke ove endemske bolesti. Razmatraju etioloÅ”ke hipoteze, analizirajuÄi potanje suvremene postavke o moguÄim etioloÅ”kim faktorima. Navode obdukcijske i bioptiÄke pato-morfoloÅ”ke nalaze, istiÄuÄi naÄene razlike izmeÄu nalaza pojedinih skupina istraživaÄa. OsvrÄu se na kliniÄku sliku, teÅ”koÄe u dijagnostici i dosadaÅ”nje rezultate u razradi i provjeri dijagnostiÄkih metoda koje doprinose dijagnozi dokazivanjem tubularnog tipa proteinurije. KritiÄki razmatraju pojedine rezultate i postavke, iznoseÄi svoje stavove koji rezultiraju iz vlastitih iskustava. U zakljuÄku istiÄu socijalno-medicinske aspekte problema endemske nefropatije i zalažu se za potrebu intenzivnijeg planskog, usklaÄenog rada na istraživanju, koje bi omoguÄilo djelotvorne preventivne mjere.The results of studies of endemic nephropathy (Balkan Nephropathy) obtained by Yugoslav, Bulgarian, Roumanian and other authors are reviewed. The history of the disease, its geographical distribution and frequency are dealt with and epidemiological significance pointed out. Hypotheses concerning the etiology of the disease are considered and current assumptions about possible etiological factors are analyzed in detail. Pathological findings obtained by autopsy and biopsy are presented and differences in findings of various groups of authors discussed. The clinical picture of the disease, difficulties encountered in diagnosis and current results in the development and checking up of diagnostic methods for the detection of the tubular type of proteinuria are also described. Certain results and assumptions arc critically evaluated and commented upon from the point of view of own experience. In conclusion, socio-medical aspects of the problem of endemic nephropathy are presented and the necessity for intense, well planned and coordinated research which would result in efficient preventive measures is emphasized
Morbidity and mortality from endemic nephropathy in the village of Kaniža
Izneseni su rezultati jednogodiÅ”njeg kontinuiranog kliniÄko-laboratorijskog praÄenja populacije jednog endemskog sela u Brodskoj Posavini. Primijenjen naÄin rada omoguÄuje egzaktnije odreÄivanje stope morbiditeta a posebice mortaliteta. Tako je utvrÄeno da je u selu Kaniži u toku 1974. godine od endemske nefropatije bolovala 7,3% ljudi, da je 4,3% sumnjivo na endemsku nefropatiju i da je 1,4% umrlo od tog uzroka. U dobnim skupinama starijih od 40 godina broj oboljelih raste geometrijskom progresijom. Žene obolijevaju neÅ”to ÄeÅ”Äe od muÅ”karaca. Nema znaÄajnih razlika u obolijevanju izmeÄu autohtonog stanovniÅ”tva i imigranata.A one-year study of endemic nephropathy was carried out in the village of Kaniža in the Posavina region near Slavonski Brod. The methods used in the study and the results obtained are presented in this paper. The study included the entire population of the selected village at risk. Four criteria important for the setting up of an accurate diagnosis were used: proteinuria, ereatinemia anemia and family history of endemic nephropathy. The most important criterion - proteinuria was determined by two methods: the sulphsalicylic test and an immunodiffusion test for beta, - microglobulins. These tests were performed once a month throughout the observation time (12 months). This allowed a safer distinction between real, pathognomonic and occasional or accidental albuminurias. To obtain as exact a mortality rate as possible the cause of each death was medically scrutinized, which is not an ordinary practice. In 1974 7.3% of the Kaniža population was affected by endemic nephropathy and 4.3% was found suspect. These percentages are inversely proportional to those recorded in previous observations. The number of cases in the age group of above 40 rises at a nearly geometric progression. Endemic nephropathy was the cause of death in 1.4% of the population which is a several times higher percentage than usually reported. Women are affected more often than men (8.5% and 6.0% respectively). This is in agreement with previous observations. At first sight the autochtonous population appears to be more susceptible to endemic nephropathy than immigrants (8.3% against 5.8%). However, if the autochtonous population aged over 20 is compared with immigrants who lived at Kaniža for over 20 years - this being an approximate minimal length of exposure to the hypothetical causative agents or the latent phase of the disease - there is in fact no difference (12% against 14%)
OdreÄivanje aflatoksina, okratoksina A, fumonizina i zearalenona u žitaricama i krmivu primjenom kompetetivnoga direktnog imunoenzimatskog testa (CD-ELISA) i tankoslojne kromatografije (TLC)
Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species frequently contaminate crops. For this reason mycotoxins such as afl atoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), and zearalenone (ZEA) are found in food and feed in a wide range of concentrations, depending on environmental and storage conditions.
Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed has been associated with acute and chronic poisoning and carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and co-occurrence of AFs
(B1+B2+G1+G2), OTA, FBs (B1+B2+B3), and ZEA in 37 samples of cereals and feed randomly collected in 2007 from households of an endemic nephropathy (EN) area in Croatia. The mycotoxins were determined using the competitive direct ELISA test (CD-ELISA) in combination with thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The most frequent mycotoxin was ZEA (92 %, mean 318.3 Ī¼g kg-1), followed by FBs (27 %, 3690 Ī¼g kg-1), AFs (24.3 %, 4.6 Ī¼g kg-1), and OTA (16.2 %, 9.8 Ī¼g kg-1). Levels of AFs, ZEA, and FBs detected by CD-ELISA signifi cantly correlated with the TLC results. However, only one OTA-positive sample was confi rmed by TLC due to its high limit of detection. The levels of these mycotoxins were below the permissible limit for animal feed. Twenty-nine percent of cereals were contaminated with FBs, OTA, or ZEA in mass fractions above the permissible limit for humans. Co-occurrence of two toxins
varied between 4.2 % and 54 % and of three between 4.2 % and 7.6 %. Prolonged co-exposure to AFs, OTA, FBs, and ZEA might increase the risk of various chronic diseases.Vrste plijesni iz rodova Aspergillus, Penicillium i Fusarium Äesti su kontaminanti usjeva te na takvim supstratima tvore mikotoksine. Stoga su žitarice i krmiva Äesto kontaminirana afl atoksinima (AFs),
okratoksinom A (OTA), fumonizinima (FBs) i zearalenonom (ZEA) u razliÄitim koncentracijama ovisno o mikroklimatskim uvjetima na polju i u skladiÅ”tu. Konzumiranje hrane kontaminirane mikotoksinima
Äesto je povezano s akutnim ili kroniÄnim trovanjima, ali i s razvojem karcinoma. Cilj ovog rada bio je odrediti istodobnu pojavnost AFs (B1+B2+G1+G2), OTA, FBs (B1+B2+B3) i ZEA u uzorcima žitarica i krme (N=37) koji su nasumiÄno skupljeni u individualnim domaÄinstvima na podruÄju endemske nefropatije (EN) u Hrvatskoj (2007). Za odreÄivanje navedenih mikotoksina koriÅ”ten je kompetitivni direktni ELISA-test (CD-ELISA) u kombinaciji s tankoslojnom kromatografi jom (TLC). Najzastupljeniji mikotoksin bio
je ZEA (92 %, srednja koncentracija 318.3 Ī¼g kg-1), nakon Äega slijede FBs (27 %, 3690 Ī¼g kg-1), AFs (24.3 %, 4.6 Ī¼g kg-1) te OTA (16.2 %, 9.8 Ī¼g kg-1). Koncentracije AFs, FBs i ZEA odreÄene CD-ELISA-testom statistiÄki znaÄajno koreliraju s rezultatima dobivenim s TLC. OTA je potvrÄen metodom TLC samo u jednom uzorku zbog visokog limita detekcije. Dokazane koncentracije su ispod razina dopuÅ”tenih za krmiva, dok je 29 % uzoraka žitarica sadržavalo FBs, OTA ili ZEA u koncentracijama iznad dopuÅ”tenih u hrani za ljude. Kokontaminacija s dvama odnosno trima toksinima varirala je izmeÄu 4.2 % i 54 % odnosno izmeÄu 4.2 % i 7.6 %. Dugotrajni unos AFs, OTA, FBs i ZEA putem hrane može poveÄati rizik od razvoja razliÄitih kroniÄnih bolesti zbog njihova moguÄega sinergistiÄkog djelovanja
Okratoksin A i omjer sfinganina i sfingozina u urinu stanovnika s podruÄja endemske nefropatije u Hrvatskoj
The most plausible theory of the aetiology of endemic nephropathy links it with exposure to nephrotoxic mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA). In this study, the concentration of OTA and sphinganine/sphingosine
(Sa/So) ratio, the biomarker of another nephrotoxic mycotoxin fumonisin B1 exposure, were analysed in 45 human urine samples collected in the endemic village of Kaniža in Croatia and in 18 samples from control village. Samples were collected twice from the same persons in 2000 and 2005. In both years the frequency
of OTA-positive samples was higher in Kaniža (43 % and 18 %, respectively) than in the control village (28 % and 6 %, respectively). OTA concentrations in samples collected in Kaniža were higher in 2000 than in 2005 (p1 at the same time, while in Kaniža four such samples were collected in 2000 and one in 2005.Najprihvatljivija teorija o etiologiji endemske nefropatije povezuje njezin nastanak s izloženoÅ”Äu nefrotoksiÄnim mikotoksinima. Dok se izloženost mikotoksinu okratoksinu A (OTA) može dokazati njegovim nalazom u bioloÅ”kim uzorcima kao Å”to su krv i urin, vrlo kratko zadržavanje fumonizina B1 (FB1) u organizmu to onemoguÄava. Na pokusnim je životinjama naÄeno da je porast omjera koncentracija
sfi ngolipida sfi nganina i sfi ngozina (Sa/So) bioloŔki pokazatelj izloženosti tom mikotoksinu. U ovom istraživanju mjerena je koncentracija OTA i omjer koncentracija Sa/So u urinu 45 stanovnika u endemskom selu Kaniža i 18 stanovnika u kontrolnom selu. Uzorci urina skupljeni su od istih osoba 2000. i 2005.
godine. U obje godine uÄestalost uzoraka koji su sadržavali OTA bila je veÄa u Kaniži (43 % i 18 %) negoli u kontrolnom selu (28 % i 6 %). Koncentracija OTA takoÄer je bila viÅ”a u urinima skupljenim u
Kaniži negoli u kontrolnom selu. Koncentracija OTA u uzorcima skupljenim u Kaniži 2000. bila je viÅ”a nego u uzorcima iz 2005. (p<0.005). Iako je u urinima iz obje godine omjer koncentracija Sa/So bio viÅ”i u Kaniži negoli u kontrolnom selu, razlika nije bila statistiÄki znaÄajna. Nije naÄen nijedan uzorak skupljen
u kontrolnom selu koji bi istodobno sadržavao mjerljivu koncentraciju OTA i omjer Sa/So veÄi od jedan.
Za razliku od uzoraka iz kontrolnog sela, Äetiri uzorka skupljena u Kaniži u 2000. godini i jedan uzorak u 2005. godini upuÄivali su na istodobnu izloženost ovim mikotoksinima