Cell Utilization Efficiency of Internet Protocol Traffic over Asynchronous Transfer Mode Networks

In the near future, large computer networks will be connection oriented, with at least the data link connectivity being provided by the Asynchronous Transfer Mode. (ATM) networks. However, these networks may have to communicate with the existing network which predominantly use Internet Protocol (IP). Running Internet Protocol over Asynchronous Transfer Mode Network has been a contentious issue due to the inefficient segmentation of Internet Protocol packets into Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cells. In this thesis, the current protocols and standards pertaining to Internet Protocol over Asynchronous Transfer Mode are discussed and overheads involved in placing Internet Protocol packets into Asynchronous Transfer Mode cells, taking Logical Link Control/Sub Network Attachment Point Encapsulation into consideration, are analysed to find out the cell utilization of Asynchronous Transfer Mode cell in carrying the Internet Protocol packets. The Wide Area Network (WAN) oriented traffic for our analysis is collected from the Internet Traffic Archive. Analysis of the trace results show that the Asynchronous Transfer Mode cell utilisation is better in carrying the user information if the Internet Protocol packet are sizes larger. It is observed that ranges of Internet Protocol packets require similar number of Asynchronous Transfer Mode cells. At small values of Internet Protocol packets, the efficiency of Asynchronous Transfer Mode cell in carrying the user information is significantly low due to the Logical Link Control Encapsulation, padding and the trailer overheads. The Asynchronous Transfer Mode Cell utilization is better in Virtual Circuit (VC) based multiplexing, saving 8 bytes of encapsulation for each packet, thus improving the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cell utilization marginally. It is seen that 80% of the Internet Protocol packet length varies from 54 to 200 bytes for which cell utilisation varies from 50%-to 82%. However, the average cell utilisation is 84% in the 20,000 packets observed since 20% of the Internet Protocol packet length is greater than 1000 bytes

Solid state fermentation: An effective fermentation strategy for the production of L-asparaginase by Fusarium culmorum (ASP-87)

Production of L-asparaginase by Fusarium culmorum (ASP-87) isolated from tropical soil was investigated under solid state fermentation on a laboratory scale using sixty five (65) agro based materials. Among the different agro based materials evaluated, soybean meal supported maximum L-asparaginase production (7.21 U/gds). Various optimization strategies for the production of L-asparaginase were also carried out with soybean meal and it was observed that inoculum size of 1 � 108 spores/mL, day 6 of incubation period, 3 mm of particle size of the substrate, moisture content of 70, initial pH of 7.0 and temperature at 30 °C were found to be optimal for L-asparaginase production. Supplementation of glucose (0.1) and ammonium chloride (0.1) enhanced L-asparaginase production to 1.7 fold. Mixed substrate fermentation using soybean meal and wheat bran in the ratio (1:1 w/w) further enhanced production of L-asparaginase to 0.5 fold with a final yield of 18.91 U/gds. © 2017 Elsevier Lt

Complete Genome Sequence of Soil Fungus Aspergillus terreus (KM017963), a Potent Lovastatin Producer

We report the complete genome of Aspergillus terreus (KM017963), a tropical soil isolate. The genome sequence is 29 Mb, with a G+C content of 51.12%. The genome sequence of A. terreus shows the presence of the complete gene cluster responsible for lovastatin (an anti-cholesterol drug) production in a single scaffold (1.16)

In vitro propagation of Aristolochia bracteata Retz. - A medicinally important plant

A direct and indirect propagation system has been established for the medicinally important plant Aristolochia bracteata Retz. using inter-nodal segments as explants. The surface sterilization of A. bracteata inter-nodal segments was carried with different concentration of mercuric chloride such as 0.05%. 0.1% and 0.15% for different time duration. Among them, 0.1% mercuric chloride for 2 min showed low percentage contamination  and highest (96%) percentage of microbes free explants. The explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog’s medium augmented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators for direct and indirect regeneration. Highest percentage of callus induction (82.3 ± 0.57) from inter-nodal segments was observed on Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L of 2,4-D. Three types of calli viz.,  friable, semi-friable and compact calli were observed from the inter-nodal segments. Highest frequency of shoot proliferation (61.5 ± 0.43) was observed in Murashige and Skoog’s medium augmented with 1.0 mg/L of 6 - Benzyl Amino Purine in combination with 1.0 mg/L α - Naphthalene  Acetic Acid. Maximum number of shootlets regeneration (2.6 ± 0.15) was also observed from the same medium. The in vitro derived calli were sub-cultured for shoot regeneration. The Murashige and Skoog’s medium fortified with 1.0 mg/L of 6 - Benzyl Amino Purine in combination with 0.5 mg/L of α - Naphthalene Acetic Acid showed the highest percentage (73.2 ± 0.43) shoot proliferation from the inter- nodal segments derived calli.  The in vitro raised shootlets were sub-cultured on ½ strength Murashige and Skoog’s medium augmented with various concentrations of IAA and IBA for root formation. Highest percentage, maximum number of rootlets/shootlet and mean length of rootlets were observed in ½ Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L of IBA. Sixty eight percentages of plantlets were established in the earthen pots.ÂÂ

Growth inhibitory and proapoptotic effects of l-asparaginase from Fusarium culmorum ASP-87 on human leukemia cells (Jurkat)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anticancer properties of l-asparaginase purified from fungal isolate Fusarium culmorum ASP-87 against human T-cell leukemia cell line (Jurkat). The growth inhibitory and proapoptotic effects of purified l-asparaginase on Jurkat cell lines were investigated by determining its influence on cell viability, colony formation, DNA fragmentation, and cell cycle progression. The results revealed that purified l-asparaginase showed significant decrease in cell survival with IC50 value of 90 μg/mL (9 IU/mL). The enzyme inhibited colony formation and showed characteristic laddering pattern on agarose gel thereby confirming the induction of apoptosis. Further, cell cycle analysis revealed that the enzyme induced apoptotic cell death by arresting the growth of cells at G2-M phase. However, the enzyme did not elicit any toxic effects on human erythrocytes. l-asparaginase purified from F. culmorum ASP-87 showed significant and selective cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on human T-cell leukemic cells in dose-dependent manner. Results of the study give leads for the anticancer effects of fungal l-asparaginase and its potential usefulness in the chemotherapy of leukemia. © 2016 Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutiqu

High-salt diet suppresses autoimmune demyelination by regulating the blood-brain barrier permeability

Sodium chloride, "salt," is an essential component of daily food and vitally contributes to the body's homeostasis. However, excessive salt intake has often been held responsible for numerous health risks associated with the cardiovascular system and kidney. Recent reports linked a high-salt diet (HSD) to the exacerbation of artificially induced central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune pathology through changes in microbiota and enhanced T(H)17 cell differentiation [M. Kleinewietfeld et al., Nature 496, 518-522 (2013); C. Wu et al., Nature 496, 513-517 (2013); N. Wilck et al., Nature 551, 585-589 (2017)]. However, there is no evidence that dietary salt promotes or worsens a spontaneous autoimmune disease. Here we show that HSD suppresses autoimmune disease development in a mouse model of spontaneous CNS autoimmunity. We found that HSD consumption increased the circulating serum levels of the glucocorticoid hormone corticosterone. Corticosterone enhanced the expression of tight junction molecules on the brain endothelial cells and promoted the tightening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) thereby controlling the entry of inflammatory T cells into the CNS. Our results demonstrate the multifaceted and potentially beneficial effects of moderately increased salt consumption in CNS autoimmunity.We thank the Mass Spectrometry and NGS Core Facilities at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry for performing sample analysis for proteomics and mRNA-seq experiments

ADEPOS: Anomaly Detection based Power Saving for Predictive Maintenance using Edge Computing

In industry 4.0, predictive maintenance(PM) is one of the most important applications pertaining to the Internet of Things(IoT). Machine learning is used to predict the possible failure of a machine before the actual event occurs. However, the main challenges in PM are (a) lack of enough data from failing machines, and (b) paucity of power and bandwidth to transmit sensor data to cloud throughout the lifetime of the machine. Alternatively, edge computing approaches reduce data transmission and consume low energy. In this paper, we propose Anomaly Detection based Power Saving(ADEPOS) scheme using approximate computing through the lifetime of the machine. In the beginning of the machines life, low accuracy computations are used when the machine is healthy. However, on the detection of anomalies, as time progresses, the system is switched to higher accuracy modes. We show using the NASA bearing dataset that using ADEPOS, we need 8.8X less neurons on average and based on post-layout results, the resultant energy savings are 6.4 to 6.65XComment: Submitted to ASP-DAC 2019, Japa