Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Strains in the North‑West and West of Iran

Background: Identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) transmission type is a key step in the control of this disease. Aim: This study aimed to determine the path and transmission type of MTB and the insertion sequence IS6110 band number and verify their relationship to demographic and clinical risk factors. Subjects and Methods: In this cross‑sectional study, 64 MTB patients from three border provinces of Iran were selected after full clinical history and physical evaluation design. The drug susceptibility testing was carried out using the standard proportion technique on sputum samples. Isolates tested with restriction fragment length polymorphism technique used IS6110. Results: Recent transmission of disease was 33/50 (66%) based on clustering rate. The IS6110 band number had a significant relationship with drug resistance detected in proportion method tested by univariate linear regression (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the IS6110 band number had association with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination history (P = 0.02), sex (P < 0.01), and purified protein derivative (PPD) reaction size (P < 0.01) tested by multiple analysis. The risk of recent transmission inferred from the clustering rate was significantly higher in patients from Western provinces compared to those from the North‑West province (P = 0.048). However, age (P = 0.39), gender (P = 0.16), vaccination history (P = 0.57), drug susceptibility, and PPD (P = 0.6) were independent of clustering. The largest cluster of up to six subjects was found in the Western provinces.Conclusion: Recent MTB transmission was much more common in the West compared to the North‑West of Iran. Large MTB clusters with strong epidemiological links may be reflective of a disease outbreak. Correlation noted between the IS6110 band number and vaccination history; PPD size and female gender necessitates further studies.Keywords: Molecular epidemiology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Polymorphism, Restriction fragment lengt

СРАВНЕНИЕ МЕТОДОВ СТЕГАНОГРАФИИ В ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЯХ

Steganography is a method of hiding information in other information of different format (container). There are many steganography techniques with various types of container. In the Internet, digital images are the most popular and frequently used containers. We consider main image steganography techniques and their advantages and disadvantages. We also identify the requirements of a good steganography algorithm and compare various such algorithms.Стеганография – это метод сокрытия информации в объектах различных форматов (кон-тейнерах). Существует большое разнообразие методов для конкретных контейнеров, в которые скрытно записывается информация. Наиболее часто в качестве контейнера используются цифровые изображения, которые без искажений могут пересылаться по компьютерным сетям. Исследуется основная методика стеганографии, ее сильные и слабые стороны. Дается сравнительная оценка основных алгоритмов стеганографии

Secure communication with steganography techniques

In the past people used hidden tattoos or invisible ink to transmit secret message. Today computer and network technologies provide easy to use communication channels. The difficulties in ensuring communication security become in network technologies increasingly challenging. Communication security is an application layer technology to guard any transmitted secret message against unwanted disclosure as well as to protect the data from unauthorized modification while in transit

Ап Efficient data hiding Scheme Using Discrete Wavelet Transform

Information hiding based on digital images is still the mainstream now. This article represents a new hiding method based on propability of block in frequency domain, we apply discrete wavelet transform through lifting scheme on cover image then divided subband LH to nun overloaping blocks. Each bit of secret message embedded in cover image with modified entensity value of each block. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is robust to common image processing attack like filtering, image compression attack and addaptive noise

COMPARISON OF DIGITAL IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY METHODS

Steganography is a method of hiding information in other information of different format (container). There are many steganography techniques with various types of container. In the Internet, digital images are the most popular and frequently used containers. We consider main image steganography techniques and their advantages and disadvantages. We also identify the requirements of a good steganography algorithm and compare various such algorithms

Ап Efficient data hiding Scheme Using Discrete Wavelet Transform

Information hiding based on digital images is still the mainstream now. This article represents a new hiding method based on propability of block in frequency domain, we apply discrete wavelet transform through lifting scheme on cover image then divided subband LH to nun overloaping blocks. Each bit of secret message embedded in cover image with modified entensity value of each block. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is robust to common image processing attack like filtering, image compression attack and addaptive noise