35 research outputs found
Relationships between Larval and Juvenile Abundance of Winter-Spawned Fishes in North Carolina, USA
We analyzed the relationships between the larval and juvenile abundances of selected estuarine-dependent fishes that spawn during the winter in continental shelf waters of the U.S. Atlantic coast. Six species were included in the analysis based on their ecological and economic importance and relative abundance in available surveys: spot Leiostomus xanthurus, pinfish Lagodon rhomboides, southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma, summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus, Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus, and Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus. Cross-correlation analysis was used to examine the relationships between the larval and juvenile abundances within species. Tests of synchrony across species were used to find similarities in recruitment dynamics for species with similar winter shelf-spawning life-history strategies. Positive correlations were found between the larval and juvenile abundances for three of the six selected species (spot, pinfish, and southern flounder). These three species have similar geographic ranges that primarily lie south of Cape Hatteras. There were no significant correlations between the larval and juvenile abundances for the other three species (summer flounder, Atlantic croaker, and Atlantic menhaden); we suggest several factors that could account for the lack of a relationship. Synchrony was found among the three southern species within both the larval and juvenile abundance time series. These results provide support for using larval ingress measures as indices of abundance for these and other species with similar geographic ranges and winter shelf-spawning life-history strategies
Aerobic training attenuates nicotinic acetylcholine receptor changes in the diaphragm muscle during heart failure
Introduction: Heart failure (HF) is a
progressive myopathy, with clinical signs of fatigue and
limb weakness that can damage the nerve-muscle
interaction, altering synaptic transmission and nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in neuromuscular
junctions (NMJs). The diaphragm is composed of a
mixed proportion of muscle fibres, and during HF, this
muscle becomes slower and can alter its function. As
exercise training is an accepted practice to minimise
abnormalities of skeletal muscle during HF, in this study,
we evaluated the hypothesis that aerobic training
attenuates alterations in the expression of nAChR
subunits in NMJs diaphragm during heart failure.
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the
distribution and expression of nAChR subunits in the
diaphragm muscle fibres of rats subjected to an aerobic
training programme during HF. Methods: Control
(Sham), control training (ShamTR), aortic stenosis (AS)
and aortic stenosis training (ASTR) groups were
evaluated. The expression of nAChR subunits (γ, α1, ε,
β1 and δ) was determined by qRT-PCR, and NMJs were
analysed using confocal microscopy. Results: We
observed increased expression of the γ, α1 and β1
subunits in the AS group compared with the ASTR
group. The distribution of NMJs was modulated in these
groups. Discussion: HF alters the mRNA expression of
nAChR subunits and the structural characteristics of
diaphragm NMJs. In addition, aerobic training did notalter NMJs morphology but attenuated the alterations in
heart structure and function and in nAChR subunit
mRNA expression. Our findings demonstrate the
beneficial effects of aerobic exercise training in
maintaining the integrity of the neuromuscular system in
the diaphragm muscle during HF and may be critical for
non-pharmacological therapy to improve the quality of
life for patients with this syndrome
Aerobic Exercise Training Prevents Heart Failure-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy by Anti-Catabolic, but Not Anabolic Actions
Background: Heart failure (HF) is associated with cachexia and consequent exercise intolerance. Given the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise training (ET) in HF, the aim of this study was to determine if the ET performed during the transition from cardiac dysfunction to HF would alter the expression of anabolic and catabolic factors, thus preventing skeletal muscle wasting.Methods and Results: We employed ascending aortic stenosis (AS) inducing HF in Wistar male rats. Controls were sham-operated animals. At 18 weeks after surgery, rats with cardiac dysfunction were randomized to 10 weeks of aerobic ET (ASET) or to an untrained group (AS-UN). At 28 weeks, the AS-UN group presented HF signs in conjunction with high TNF-alpha serum levels; soleus and plantaris muscle atrophy; and an increase in the expression of TNF-alpha, NF kappa B (p65), MAFbx, MuRF1, FoxO1, and myostatin catabolic factors. However, in the AS-ET group, the deterioration of cardiac function was prevented, as well as muscle wasting, and the atrophy promoters were decreased. Interestingly, changes in anabolic factor expression (IGF-I, AKT, and mTOR) were not observed. Nevertheless, in the plantaris muscle, ET maintained high PGC1 alpha levels.Conclusions: Thus, the ET capability to attenuate cardiac function during the transition from cardiac dysfunction to HF was accompanied by a prevention of skeletal muscle atrophy that did not occur via an increase in anabolic factors, but through anti-catabolic activity, presumably caused by PGC1a action. These findings indicate the therapeutic potential of aerobic ET to block HF-induced muscle atrophy by counteracting the increased catabolic state.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP