Reparation demands and collective guilt assignment of black South Africans

The present research studied reparation demands of born-free Black South African adolescents as members of a former victimized group from a social psychological perspective. Two cross-sectional studies tested whether identification indirectly predicts reparation demands via assignment of collective guilt to White South Africans; and whether this indirect relation is moderated by cross-group friendship. The results support both hypotheses and show a stronger link between identification with the victimized group and collective guilt assignment in a segregated rather than a desegregated context (Study 1: N = 222) and for participants reporting lower levels of cross-group friendship (Study 2: N = 145). Reparation demands are important for strongly identified members of a victimized group in a postconflict situation. Their mediation by collective guilt assignment, mitigated by cross-group friendship, indicates that one major function is to insure recognition of the victims’ past suffering and to repair the relationship rather than ostracizing the transgressor group or gaining access to resources.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Leaders’ influence on collective action: An identity leadership perspective

What makes followers act collectively when called upon by their leaders? To answer this question, participants were randomly allocated to leader–follower relationships embedded either in a partisan group or a workgroup context; and the relationship between identity leadership and collective action through ingroup identification (Study 1: N = 293) or both ingroup identification and group-efficacy (Study 2: N = 338) were assessed. Based on the model of identity leadership, we predicted and found that identity leadership was positively related with intentions for collective action when called upon by the leader, both via ingroup identification and belief in group efficacy. As predicted, the social identity process for the effectiveness of identity leadership was more important in partisan groups than in workgroups. The efficacy related process was group context invariant. These results have implications for our understanding of group processes involved in the leadership in collective action.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Inclusion in a superordinate category, ingroup prototypicality, and attitudes towards outgroups

WOS:000222248300003We hypothesized that group members' attitudes towards an out-group are negatively related to the in-group's perceived relative prototypicality for a superordinate category, but only if both the in-group and out-group are included in this superordinate category. In Experiment 1 (N = 40), Germans' attitudes towards Poles were negatively correlated with the relative prototypicality of Germans when "Europe" (including Poles), but not when "West-Europe" (excluding Poles), was the superordinate category. In Experiment 2 (N = 63), female single parents' attitudes about the competence of single parents to raise children depended on the in group's relative prototypicality for "single parents" (including fathers), but not on their relative similarity to "mothers" (excluding fathers). Both experiments showed that inclusion in a superordinate category had a more negative influence on attitudes towards the out-group when relative in-group prototypicality is high rather than low.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Intergroup relations and strategies of minorities

This chapter addresses how asymmetric status positions work out in intergroup relations. In particular, the chapter focuses on one of the possible ways in which disadvantaged groups can deal with their situation: Social creativity. This chapter introduces social identity theory, which is fundamental for the understanding of asymmetric intergroup relations. Much in line with Tajfel’s thinking, in a study on children from different ethnic backgrounds the authors present evidence how under some circumstances social creativity can contribute to the upholding of the status quo. The authors also present empirical results from several studies in which they demonstrate how minorities are able to hold views on social reality, particularly on more inclusive superordinate categories, that are specifically, and very systematically distinct from the views held by their dominant majority outgroups. With that they provide evidence for the so far neglected emancipative potential of social creativity in studies with members of ethnic minorities in Portugal, with members of a strong belief minority (Evangelic Protestants in Portugal), and one study with people from two regions, Lisbon and Porto, the latter the allegedly “rival” of Lisbon. They claim that—compared to the alternative strategy of open social competition with the powerful outgroup—social creativity has been underestimated as a strategy of social change.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Complex inclusive categories of positive and negative valence and prototypicality claims inasymmetric intergroup relations

Based on the premise that groups’ social standing and regard depend on theirprototypicality for superordinate categories, minorities can be understood to sufferfrom the fact that they are considered as less prototypical than majorities. Previousresearch has shown that complex (vs. simple) representations of superordinatecategories can reduce majority members’ tendency to perceive their in-group as moreprototypical than the out-group. The current research tested whether such complexrepresentations also increase minorities’ own perceived relative in-group prototypicality(RIP), leading to more balanced prototypicality judgments from both majorities andminorities. In Study 1 (N = 76), an experiment with two arti?cial groups of unequal status,a complex representation of a superordinate category increased the comparatively lowRIP of the lower status subgroup. Consistently, in Study 2 (N = 192), a correlational studywith natural groups, the relation between perceived complexity of the superordinatecategory and RIP was positive for members of the lower status group but negative formembers of the higher status comparison group. In Study 3 (N = 160), an experimentwith natural groups, a more complex representation of the superordinate category ledlower and higher status groups to perceive greater equality in terms of relativeprototypicality not only for a positive but also for a negatively valued superordinatecategory. These results have important implications for the understanding of socialchange: As superordinate identity complexity implies that included subgroups are moreequally prototypical, it offers a normative alternative that helps minorities to challengeasymmetric status relations vis-?a-vis majorities, but also promotes hope that majoritiesshow bipartisanship in supporting such social changeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersio

Control over the association of power and size

WOS:000263644700001The hypothesis that power is mentally represented as size is tested. Using an interference paradigm, two studies show that judgments of the power of groups are influenced by the font size the group labels are written in. Power judgments were slower and less accurate when the font size did not fit the power of the groups. Informing participants about the possible influence of size and its direction decreased the effect on accuracy (Study 1). A high likelihood of incompatible trials and information about it decreased effects on both errors and response latencies given sufficient practice (Study 2). The results suggest that the mental representation of power is associated with size cues, but that this influence can be overcome with information and training.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Ingroup projection as a challenge of diversity: consensus about and complexity of superordinate categories

As is often done, we could begin such a chapter in a volume on intergroup conflict with a dire description of the state of human society and the continuing menace of social discrimination, prejudice, injustice, and ethnic violence. However, a children's book by the Austrian writer Edith Schreiber-Wicke (1990), whose title may be translated as “When the crows were still colorful,” provides a fable that is more fun, yet insightful. It describes the story of the crows when they still came in all sorts of colors and patterns – orange with blue stripes, green with yellow spots, and so on – until one day a snowman asked the fateful (and probably spiteful) question of what a real, true crow looked like. Now the yellow-with-blue-spotted crows declared yellow with blue spots was the true color of crows, but the lilac crows argued the ur-crow was lilac colored, and all the other crows also claimed their colors were the real ones. There was arguing and quarreling; the crows began to fly with like-colored others only. The fighting ended only when one day a black rain turned all animals black. Afterward, only the crows stayed black and no longer had a reason to argue. The moral of the story? Obviously: ingroup projection is a challenge of diversity! And if we do not want to buy social harmony with dull sameness, we had better think of a more creative way to appreciate and enjoy differences. Ingroup projection is the perception or claim that one's own group is more prototypical for a higher-order superordinate identity, hence more normative and positive, than a relevant comparison outgroup is, or more prototypical at least than the outgroup thinks the ingroup is. In the present chapter, we briefly outline the ingroup projection model (IPM; Mummendey & Wenzel, 1999; Wenzel, Mummendey, & Waldzus, 2007), discuss its key concepts and relevant recent findings, and essentially argue for two ways in which we need to construe our superordinate identities to reduce tension between diverse and divergent groups included in them: We need to advance consensus about the superordinate identity in question, and about the complexity of its representation.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Intergruppenbeziehungen

Intergruppenbeziehungen unterscheiden sich von interpersonalen Beziehungen dadurch, dass nicht die individuellen Besonderheiten der Beteiligten, sondern ihre Zugehörigkeiten zu bestimmten sozialen Gruppen das Denken, Fühlen und Handeln bestimmen. Der erste Teil des Kapitels gibt eine Einführung in die Psychologie der Intergruppenbeziehungen und verdeutlicht, inwieweit ihre Theorien und Befunde zum Verständnis der Dynamik innerhalb und zwischen verschiedenen Teams beitragen können. Dabei geht es sowohl um die Folgen von Interessenkonflikten und gegenseitiger Abhängigkeit, als auch um die Bedeutung sozialer Gruppen für die Identität ihrer Mitglieder. Im zweiten Teil geht es darum, wie sich Teamarbeit selbst für die Gestaltung von Intergruppenbeziehungen einsetzen lässt.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Just hearing about it makes me feel so humiliated: Emotional and motivational responses to vicarious group-based humiliation

Witnessing a fellow ingroup member being humiliated might be the most common situation in which intergroup humiliation is experienced. Humiliation on a group level is as complex as humiliation on an interpersonal level because of shared appraisals with other emotions. We propose that witnessing a fellow ingroup member being negatively stereotyped by an outgroup member elicits anger and/or shame insofar as it is appraised as vicariously humiliating leading to anger-related approach and shame-related avoidance. Evidence for this proposition was experimentally assessed in three studies using two intergroup contexts: nationality (Study 1: n = 291) and gender (Study 2: n = 429 females and Study 3: n = 353 males). Across these intergroup contexts, the group-devaluing event emphasizing a negative ingroup stereotype evoked anger-related approach and shame-related avoidance indirectly through vicarious humiliation. We conclude that the accompanying emotions and thus resulting motivations determine whether vicarious humiliation results in intergroup conflict.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The neglected C of intercultural relations. Cross-cultural adaptation shapes sojourner representations of locals

We investigated, by means of the Reverse Correlation Task (RCT), visual representations of the culturally dominating group of local people held by sojourners as a function of their degree of cross-cultural adaptation. In three studies, using three different methods (reduced RCT, full RCT, conceptual replication) with three independent samples of sojourners and seven independent samples of Portuguese and US-American raters, we gathered clear evidence that poor adaptation goes along with more negative representations of locals. This indicates that sojourner adaptation is reflected, at a social-cognitive level, in the valence of outgroup representationsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio