Optimization of nanostructured permalloy electrodes for a lateral hybrid spin-valve structure

Ferromagnetic electrodes of a lateral semiconductor-based spin-valve structure are designed to provide a maximum of spin-polarized injection current. A single-domain state in remanence is a prerequisite obtained by nanostructuring Permalloy thin film electrodes. Three regimes of aspect ratios $m$ are identified by room temperature magnetic force microscopy: (i) high-aspect ratios of $m \ge 20$ provide the favored remanent single-domain magnetization states, (ii) medium-aspect ratios $m \sim 3$ to $m \sim 20$ yield highly remanent states with closure domains and (iii) low-aspect ratios of $m \le 3$ lead to multi-domain structures. Lateral kinks, introduced to bridge the gap between micro- and macroscale, disturb the uniform magnetization of electrodes with high- and medium-aspect ratios. However, vertical flanks help to maintain a uniformly magnetized state at the ferromagnet-semiconcuctor contact by domain wall pinning.Comment: revised version, major structural changes, figures reorganized,6 pages, 8 figures, revte

Insulin-induced gene expression changes in breast cancer cells and normal breast epithelial cells.

Obesity increases breast cancer incidence rates in postmenopausal women. Chronic high levels of insulin, present in the majority of obese and insulin resistant patients, may provide the growth promoting stimulus to explain this connection. In this work, the cancer progression and cancer initiating properties of high insulin levels were examined in breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and breast epithelial cells (MCF-10a), respectively. High insulin levels (100 nM) induced differential changes in cell proliferation in the two cell lines used. Human Cancer PathwayFinder DNA Microarrays (SABiosciences) were used to examine gene expression changes after insulin treatment. High insulin levels increased expression of genes involved in cell cycle control (e.g. cyclin D1) and DNA damage repair (e.g. ATM) in MDA-MB 231 cells and in MCF-10a cells (e.g. cyclin E1, CDC25a). Expression of genes responsible for mediating apoptosis and cell senescence (e.g. APAF, BAD, bcl-X) was decreased after insulin treatment in MDA-MB 231 cells but the expression of the same group of genes did not change in MCF-10a cells. High insulin levels increased expression of genes encoding for signal transduction molecules (e.g. AKT1) and transcription factors (e.g. FOS, JUN, MYC), and of genes responsible for invasion and metastasis (e.g. MMP2) in MCF-10a cells whereas gene expression of the same groups of genes did not change or was decreased in MDA-MB 231 cells. These results suggest a role for insulin resistance in breast cancer initiation and progression, aggravating the potential of breast cancer to evade apoptosis, to metastasise and may promote carcinogenesis of healthy epithelial cells

Fuzzy cellular model for on-line traffic simulation

This paper introduces a fuzzy cellular model of road traffic that was intended for on-line applications in traffic control. The presented model uses fuzzy sets theory to deal with uncertainty of both input data and simulation results. Vehicles are modelled individually, thus various classes of them can be taken into consideration. In the proposed approach, all parameters of vehicles are described by means of fuzzy numbers. The model was implemented in a simulation of vehicles queue discharge process. Changes of the queue length were analysed in this experiment and compared to the results of NaSch cellular automata model.Comment: The original publication is available at http://www.springerlink.co

Magnetic structure in a U(Ru_0.92Rh_0.08)₂Si₂ single crystal studied by neutron diffraction in static magnetic fields up to 24 T

We report the high-field induced magnetic phase in single crystal of U(Ru0.92Rh0.08)2Si2. Our neutron study combined with high-field magnetization, shows that the magnetic phase above the first metamagnetic transition at Hc1 = 21.6 T has an uncompensated commensurate antiferromagnetic structure with propagation vector Q2 = ( 2/3 0 0) possessing two single-Q domains. U moments of 1.45 (9) muB directed along the c axis are arranged in an up-up-down sequence propagating along the a axis, in agreement with bulk measurements. The U magnetic form factor at high fields is consistent with both the U3+ and U4+ type. The low field short-range order that emerges from the pure URu2Si2 due to Rh-doping is initially strengthened by the field but disappears in the field-induced phase. The tetragonal symmetry is preserved across the transition but the a axis lattice parameter increases already at low fields. Our results are in agreement with itinerant electron model with 5f states forming bands pinned in the vicinity of the Fermi surface that is significantly reconstructed by the applied magnetic field.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted as Rapid Communication, Physical Review B (2017

Asymmetric band gap shift in electrically addressed blue phase photonic crystal fibers

In this paper, we present electrooptic experiments on photonic crystal fibers filled with a liquid crystalline blue phase. These fibers guide light via photonic band gaps (PBGs). The blue phase is isotropic in the field-off state but becomes birefringent under an electric field. This leads to a polarization dependent shift of the PBGs. Interestingly, the effect on the PBGs is asymmetrical: while the short wavelength edges of the PBGs shift, the long wavelength edges are almost unaffected. By performing band gap and modal analyses via the finite element simulations, we find that the asymmetric shift is the result of the mixed polarization of the involved photonic bands. Finally, we use the band gap shifts to calculate effective Kerr constants of the blue phase

Model for Screened, Charge-Regulated Electrostatics of an Eye Lens Protein: Bovine GammaB-Crystallin

We model screened, site-specific charge regulation of the eye lens protein bovine gammaB-crystallin (γB) and study the probability distributions of its proton occupancy patterns. Using a simplified dielectric model, we solve the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation to calculate a 54 × 54 work-of-charging matrix, each entry being the modeled voltage at a given titratable site, due to an elementary charge at another site. The matrix quantifies interactions within patches of sites, including γB charge pairs. We model intrinsic pK values that would occur hypothetically in the absence of other charges, with use of experimental data on the dependence of pK values on aqueous solution conditions, the dielectric model, and literature values. We use Monte Carlo simulations to calculate a model grand-canonical partition function that incorporates both the work-of-charging and the intrinsic pK values for isolated γB molecules and we calculate the probabilities of leading proton occupancy configurations, for 4 \u3c pH \u3c 8 and Debye screening lengths from 6 to 20 A. We select the interior dielectric ˚ value to model γB titration data. At pH 7.1 and Debye length 6.0 A, on a given ˚ γB molecule the predicted top occupancy pattern is present nearly 20% of the time, and 90% of the time one or another of the first 100 patterns will be present. Many of these occupancy patterns differ in net charge sign as well as in surface voltage profile. We illustrate how charge pattern probabilities deviate from the multinomial distribution that would result from use of effective pK values alone and estimate the extents to which γB charge pattern distributions broaden at lower pH and narrow as ionic strength is lowered. These results suggest that for accurate modeling of orientation-dependent γB-γB interactions, consideration of numerous pairs of proton occupancy patterns will be needed

Volatile Decision Dynamics: Experiments, Stochastic Description, Intermittency Control, and Traffic Optimization

The coordinated and efficient distribution of limited resources by individual decisions is a fundamental, unsolved problem. When individuals compete for road capacities, time, space, money, goods, etc., they normally make decisions based on aggregate rather than complete information, such as TV news or stock market indices. In related experiments, we have observed a volatile decision dynamics and far-from-optimal payoff distributions. We have also identified ways of information presentation that can considerably improve the overall performance of the system. In order to determine optimal strategies of decision guidance by means of user-specific recommendations, a stochastic behavioural description is developed. These strategies manage to increase the adaptibility to changing conditions and to reduce the deviation from the time-dependent user equilibrium, thereby enhancing the average and individual payoffs. Hence, our guidance strategies can increase the performance of all users by reducing overreaction and stabilizing the decision dynamics. These results are highly significant for predicting decision behaviour, for reaching optimal behavioural distributions by decision support systems, and for information service providers. One of the promising fields of application is traffic optimization.Comment: For related work see http://www.helbing.or