Pengaruh Substitusi Tepung Ikan Dengan Silase Cacing Tanah (Lumbricus Rubellus) Dalam Pakan Buatan Terhadap Pemanfaatan Pakan Dan Pertumbuhan Juvenil Kerapu Macan (Epinephelus Fuscogutattus)

Tiger grouper is one of the important fishery commodities due to the market and highly economical value. One of the problems faced by the farmers was the high price of fish meal. Therefore, it was needed to find alternative ingredients as a substitution for the fish meal. One of the alternative was using earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus). This research aimed to determine the effects of substitution of fish meal with earthworm silage in the artificial food on the growth and survival rate of tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscogutattus). This experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replicates i.e. treatment A (0% without earthworm silage), B (25% earthworm silage), C (50% earthworm silage), D (75% earthworm silage), and E (100% earthworm silage). This research was carried out on April to June 2012 for 42 days in Great Hall of Brackish Water Aquaculture Development (BBPBAP), Jepara. The research revealed that the substitution of fish meal with earthworm silage resulted significant effect (P0,05) for EPP, PER, FCR, and SR values. It was suggested that diet with 100% substitution of earthworm silage, i.e. treatment E, could be used for tiger grouper feeds

Rationalizing the formation of damascenone: Synthesis and hydrolysis of damascenone precursors and their analogues, in both aglycone and glycoconjugate forms

Storage of megastigma-4,6,7-trien-3,9-diol (5), and megastigma-3,4-dien-7-yn-9-ol (6) in aqueous ethanol solution at pH 3.0 and 3.2 gave exclusively damascenone (1) and damascenone adducts at room temperature. The diol (5) had half-lives for the conversion of 32 and 48 h at pH 3.0 and pH 3.2, respectively. The acetylenic alcohol (6) had half-lives of 40 and 65 h at the same pH levels. In order to study the reactivity of the C-9 hydroxyl function in 5 and in the previously investigated allenic triol 2, two model compounds, megastigma-4,6,7-trien-9-ol (7) and megastigma-6,7-dien-9-ol (8) were synthesized. No 1,3-transposition of oxygen to form analogues of damascenone was observed when 7 and 8 were subjected to mild acidic conditions. Such transposition takes place only with highly conjugated acetylenic precursors such as 6 or tertiary allenic alcohols such as 2. The placement of glucose at C-3 of 5 and at C-9 of 6 gave the glycosides 9 and 10, respectively. The effect of such glucoconjugation was to increase the observed half-lives by a factor of only 1.6-1.7 for the allenic glucoside 9, and by 2.1-2.2 for the acetylenic glucoside 10. These studies indicate that the effect of glycosylation on damascenone formation is probably not important on the time scale of wine making and maturation.Merran A. Daniel, Carolyn J. Puglisi, Dimitra L. Capone, Gordon M. Elsey and Mark A. Sefto

Solid state NMR and X-ray studies of the structural evolution of nanocrystalline zirconia

A combination of X-ray techniques [diffraction and Zr K-edge absorption (EXAFS and XANES)] and multinuclear (H-1, C-13, O-17) solid-state NMR spectroscopy is employed to follow in detail the structural development of nanocrystalline zirconia. O-17 magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy of sol-gel produced undoped ZrO2 shows unequivocally that oxygen sites in the initial gel are monoclinic-like. This result is consistent with X-ray absorption measurements, which also suggest that the structures of the initial amorphous phases of doped and undoped samples produced by the hydroxide-precipitation and sol-gel methods are very similar. On crystallization, the local structure of the crystalline component is tetragonal, but a significant fraction of the sample remains disordered. Heating to higher temperatures results in conversion to monoclinic zirconia in undoped samples at room temperature. For sol-gel-produced ZrO2, C-13 NMR shows that loss of all of the organic fragments occurs prior to crystallization. The H-1 NMR experiments determined that the proton content remains significant until well above the crystallization temperature, so that the composition is not accurately described as ZrO2 until > 500 degreesC