FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF POLYMERIC NANOSUSPENSION OF NARINGENIN

Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate the poorly soluble drug, naringenin (NAR) into nanosuspension to increase the solubility and enhance the dissolution rate and then improve its bioavailability.Methods: Nanosuspenion of naringenin (NARNS) was prepared using high-pressure homogenization method using Soya lecithin, Polaxamer-407, Polaxamer-188, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and Tween-80. Ten formulations were prepared to show the effect of stabilizer and its ratio. D-α-Tocopheryl polyethene glycol succinate 1000 (TPGS) was added as a co-stabilizer. All these formulations were evaluated for their particle size, PDI, zeta potential, FT-IR study, drug content, saturation solubility studies, entrapment efficiency, in vitro permeability and in vitro drug release. The formulation was further evaluated for scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD) and hemocompatibility assessment.Results: All the prepared formulations were in the nano size. The optimum concentration of the stabilizer was in the formulation was found 1:1.5:1 (drug: stabilizer: co-stabilizer ratio). Dramatic effect of the particle size reduction was found by the addition of the co-stabilizer (TPGS) in formulation N2 that has P. S 80.52±0.13 nm. The solubility and dissolution of NAR in the form of NARNS were significantly higher than those of pure NAR. SEM report shows that naringenin nanosuspension revealed a smooth texture. P-XRD crystallography diffraction and DSC studies indicated that the crystalline state of NAR was converted into amorphous nature. The safety evaluation showed that NARNS provided a lower rate of erythrocyte hemolysis. Conclusion: In this study, (NARNS) was successfully carried out by high-pressure homogenization technique and characterized. The physio-chemical characterization shown that crystalline naringenin was converted to a polymorphic form (DSC and P-XRD Study) which evidenced by enhanced dissolution rate in comparisons of the formulation with (NAR) pure drug. The NARNS has shown 7.5±0.4 fold increased relative bioavailability when compared to the NAR. The increased drug dissolution rate may have a significant impact in absorption which in turn the improved oral bioavailability of naringenin. Thus, this delivery system may prefer to improve the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs like NAR and thus enhanced oral bioavailability. The safety evaluation showed that nanoformulation (NF2) shows a lower rate of erythrocyte hemolysis. These findings suggest that the selected formulation may represent a promising new drug formulation for intravenous administration in the treatment of certain cancers

APPROACHES AND DEVICES USED IN PULMONARY DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A REVIEW

Targeting drug delivery into the lungs has become one of the most important aspects of systemic or local drug delivery.Consequently, in the last few years, techniques and new drug delivery devices intended to deliver drugs into the lungs havebeen widely developed. Currently, the main drug targeting regimens include direct application of a drug into the lungs,mostly by inhalation therapy using either pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDI) or dry powder inhalers (DPI).Intratracheal administration is commonly used as a first approach in lung drug delivery in vivo. To convey a sufficient doseof drug to the lungs, suitable drug carriers are required. These can be solid, liquid, or gaseous excipients. Liposomes, nanoand microparticles, cyclodextrins, microemulsions, micelles, suspensions, or solutions are all examples of this type ofpharmaceutical carrier that have been successfully used to target drugs into lungs. The use of micro reservoir type systemsoffers clear advantages, such as high loading capacity and possibility of controlling size and permeability, and thus ofcontrolling the release kinetics of the drugs from the carrier systems. These systems make it possible to use relatively smallnumbers of vector molecules to deliver substantial amounts of a drug to the target. This review discusses the approaches anddevices required to be administer drug into the lungs

OPTIMIZATION AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF MESALAMINE pH DEPENDENT COATED PELLETS FOR PROMISING ILEOCECAL TARGETING

The present research is a challenge to design, optimized and evaluates mesalamine loaded burst release pH dependent coated pellets for possible ileo-cecal targeting to treat effectively Crohn’s disease. The novelty of this formulation is to release drug specifically and instantly in ileo-cecal region where the chances of Crohn’s disease is more frequent, without being released in upper gastrointestinal tract. Preliminary experimental batches are studied for micromeritic properties and in-vitro drug release. Formulation  showed desirable lag time of 5h and dissolution profile were further optimized by applying 32 full factorial design to study the effect of extent of coating (% w/w) Eudragit S100 and croscarmellose sodium over drug layered pellets. The regression equation generated for Q300 (lag time of 5h) = +5.72-31.97*A+0.82*B-0.49*A*B+26.36*A2-0.15*B2 and for Q390 (90% of drug release at pH7.2 within 90 minutes after lag time) = +84.63- 40.09*A+4.62*B. The drug release data of optimized formulation were close to that predicted by the model. Various kinetic models were applied to the all optimized batches. In vivo evaluation of optimized formulations was performed to assess macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical parameters in rats and performed. The present study demonstrates that the mesalamine enteric coated pellets successfully targeted at ileo-cecal region.Key words: Mesalamine, pulsatile, ileo-cecal targeting, celpheres, Croscarmellose sodium, eudragit S10

Biodegradable Chitosan-Based Ambroxol Hydrochloride Microspheres: Effect of Cross-Linking Agents

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of type of cross-linking method used on the properties of ambroxol hydrochloride microspheres such as encapsulation efficiency, particle size, and drug release. Microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation technique using chitosan as a matrix-forming agent and cross-linked using formaldehyde and heat treatment. Morphological and physicochemical properties of microspheres were then investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy. The cross-linking of chitosan takes place at the free amino group because of formation of imine bond as evidenced by FTIR. The DSC, XRD, and FTIR analysis showed that chitosan microspheres cross linked by heating were superior in properties and performance as compared to the microspheres cross-linked using formaldehyde. SEM results revealed that heat-treated microspheres were spherical, discrete having smooth, and porous structure. The particle size and encapsulation efficiencies of the prepared chitosan microspheres ranged between 10.83–24.11 μm and 39.73μ80.56%, respectively. The drug release was extended up to 12 h, and the kinetics of the drug release was obeying Higuchi kinetic proving diffusion-controlled drug release

Significance of curve of Spee: An orthodontic review

Exaggerated curve of Spee is frequently observed in dental malocclusions with deep overbites. Such excessive curve of Spee alters the muscle imbalance, ultimately leading to the improper functional occlusion. It has been proposed that an imbalance between the anterior and the posterior components of occlusal force can cause the lower incisors to overerupt, the premolars to infraerupt, and the lower molars to be mesially inclined. This altered condition requires specialized skills for the practitioner. It would be useful if we have a thorough knowledge of how and when this curve of Spee develops, so that it will aid us in our treatment. The understanding of why the curve of Spee develops is limited in literature. The purpose of this article is to increase our knowledge regarding the development and its effect on dentition and its treatment in exaggerated cases

Design and Implementation of GSM based Auto Irrigation System

The motivation for this project came from the countries where economy is based on agriculture and the climatic conditions lead to lack of rains and scarcity of water. The farmers working in the farm lands are solely dependent on the rains and bore wells for irrigation of the land. Even, if the farmland has a water-pump, manual intervention by farmers is required to turn the pump ON/OFF whenever needed. In this project, we tried to minimize this manual intervention by the farmer. In recent times, the farmers have been using irrigation technique through the manual control in which the farmers irrigate the land at regular intervals by turning the water-pump ON/OFF when required. This process sometimes consumes more water and sometimes the water supply to the land is delayed due to which the crops dry out. Therefore, in this project we use a GSM application which helps the farmer to ON/OFF the motor without his physical presence in the field

Formulation, and Evaluation of Pentoxifylline-Loaded Poly(ε-caprolactone) Microspheres

Pentoxifylline-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation technique with different drug to carrier ratio F1 (1:3), F2 (1:4), F3 (1:5) and F4 (1:6). The microspheres were characterized for particle size, scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR study, percentage yield, drug entrapment, stability studies and for in vitro release kinetics. The shape of microspheres was found to be spherical by SEM. The size of microspheres was found to be ranging 59.3±6.3μm to 86.22±4.23 μm. Among the four drug to carrier ratio, F3 (1:5) showed maximum percentage yield of 83.34±2.46% and F2 (1:4) showed highest drug entrapment of 76.92±3.24% w/w. It was found that there was no interaction between drug and polymer by FT-IR study. No appreciable difference was observed in the extent of degradation of product during 60 d in the microspheres, which were stored at various temperatures. In the in vitro release study formulation F2 (1:4) showed 90.34% drug release at 15 h and found to be sustained. The release followed Higuchi kinetics indicating diffusion controlled drug release

OPTIMIZATION AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF MESALAMINE pH DEPENDENT COATED PELLETS FOR PROMISING ILEOCECAL TARGETING

The present research is a challenge to design, optimized and evaluates mesalamine loaded burst release pH dependent coated pellets for possible ileo-cecal targeting to treat effectively Crohn’s disease. The novelty of this formulation is to release drug specifically and instantly in ileo-cecal region where the chances of Crohn’s disease is more frequent, without being released in upper gastrointestinal tract. Preliminary experimental batches are studied for micromeritic properties and in-vitro drug release. Formulation showed desirable lag time of 5h and dissolution profile were further optimized by applying 32 full factorial design to study the effect of extent of coating (% w/w) Eudragit S100 and croscarmellose sodium over drug layered pellets. The regression equation generated for Q300 (lag time of 5h) = +5.72-31.97*A+0.82*B-0.49*A*B+26.36*A2-0.15*B2 and for Q390 (90% of drug release at pH7.2 within 90 minutes after lag time) = +84.63- 40.09*A+4.62*B. The drug release data of optimized formulation were close to that predicted by the model. Various kinetic models were applied to the all optimized batches. In vivo evaluation of optimized formulations was performed to assess macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical parameters in rats and performed. The present study demonstrates that the mesalamine enteric coated pellets successfully targeted at ileo-cecal region

Isolation and Characterization of Vibrio Pelagius from Marine Tidal Sediment Samples of Thekkurichi South West Coast, Tamilnadu

Aquatic animals differ from terrestrial animals in the level of interaction between the intestinal micro biota and the surrounding environment. The bacteria present in the aquatic environment influence the composition of the gut micro flora. Vibrio pelagius is the most common surface organisms in surface water of the world. The organism originally isolated from marine and fresh water habitats and in association with aquatic animals. The present study the virulence, the biochemical properties of the toxicity such as proteolytic, haemolytic, haemagglutination and lipolytic were performed.  Also V. pelagius had higher proteolytic, haemolytic activity and Haemoagglutination V. pelagius agglutinates 1:16 dilutions. These results reveal that proteases, haemolysins or exotoxins might play foremost role in the pathogenicity of Vibrio pelagius