The Economic Resource Receipt of New Mothers

U.S. federal policies do not provide a universal social safety net of economic support for women during pregnancy or the immediate postpartum period but assume that employment and/or marriage will protect families from poverty. Yet even mothers with considerable human and marital capital may experience disruptions in employment, earnings, and family socioeconomic status postbirth. We use the National Survey of Families and Households to examine the economic resources that mothers with children ages 2 and younger receive postbirth, including employment, spouses, extended family and social network support, and public assistance. Results show that many new mothers receive resources postbirth. Marriage or postbirth employment does not protect new mothers and their families from poverty, but education, race, and the receipt of economic supports from social networks do

Determinants of Collaborative Leadership: Civic Engagement, Gender or Organizational Norms?

This analysis attempts to unravel competing explanations of collaborative leadership styles of state legislative committee chairs. Specifically, the paper considers the influence of community or volunteer experience, gender, and institutional variables. The data show that women chairs are more likely than their male peers to cite as valuable the leadership skills and experiences that they gain through community and volunteer experience. Compared to their male colleagues, women committee chairs on average also report a greater reliance on collaborative strategies in the management of their committees. Prior community or volunteer experience has little or no direct effect on collaborative styles. In contrast, institutional factors have a much stronger and countervailing influence. Legislative professionalization produces a strong negative effect on collaborative style. Results suggest that conformity to institutional norms may be a more compelling influence than prior community experience. The analysis also points to the gendered nature of organizational leadership with men's and women's styles showing different associations to style depending on the number and power of women in a legislature.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Quantum non-demolition measurements with optical solitons

The optical Kerr effect provides an ideal quantum non-demolition interaction. Experiments and proposals using this interaction are reviewed with special emphasis on optical soliton pulses propagating in fibres. The performance of a quantum non-demolition experiment using the optical Kerr effect may be reduced by self-phase modulation of the probe pulse. Proposals to overcome this limitation are discussed

Propagation of quantum properties of sub-picosecond solitons in a fiber

We present new results on photon number squeezing of spectrally filtered solitons in fibers. The impact of frequency low-, high-, and bandpass filtering on noise reduction has been measured as a function of fiber length for 130-fs pulses close to the soliton energy. For short fibers our results agree qualitatively with theoretical predictions. For longer fibers, however, the measured squeezing increases to an unexpectedly large value. Spectral filtering of a strongly Raman-shifted, higher energy pulse squeezed the directly detected photocurrent fluctuations down to 3.8+/-0.2 dB (59%) below the shot noise level. The measured noise reductions are broadband from 5 to 90 MHz. (C) 1997 Optical Society of America

Discipline and Profession American Sociological Association

Scholars (NAS) continued to promote the message that it has endorsed since its founding that colleges should be meritocracies focused on teaching, research, reasoned discourse, and the scientific method. Other kinds of activities such as student participation in community activities to bring about social change are regarded as “dumbing down ” of the curriculum and spreading political views among students (Schmidt 2013). It is a message rooted in idealized recollections of how America’s colleges operated in the middle of the 20th century, before the advent of increased diversity programs, women’s and ethnic-studies departments, and service learning and community activities that the association regards as anathemas. The article suggests, further, that NAS is facing a challenging future, barring a major resurgence of traditionalist thinking on college campuses, and the appeal of their message might not be enough to carry the group another 25 years (Schmidt 2013)

Photon number squeezing of spectrally filtered sub-picosecond optical solitons

Photon number squeezing of spectrally filtered optical solitons has been observed in the sub-picosecond regime, where the Raman effect changes the internal quantum structure of each pulse. 160 fs pulses were propagated down a 10 m optical fibre of anomalous group velocity dispersion. At energies below the soliton energy subsequent spectral filtering with an optical band-pass squeezed the directly detected photocurrent fluctuations to 3.2 +/- 0.1 dB (52%) below the shot-noise limit. This implies 4.5 dB (65%) of soliton photon number squeezing, if detection losses are taken into account. Using a spectral edge filter the spectral components of the pulses are shown to contribute asymmetrically to the squeezing due to stimulated Raman scattering