The kinetics of tea infusion

Imperial Users onl

Internet-based Framework to Support Integration of Customer in the Design of Customizable Products

A necessary element to design and produce customer-centric products is the integration of customers in the design process. Challenges faced during customer integration into the design process include generating models of the customized product, performing analysis of these to determine feasibility, and optimizing to increase the performance. These tasks have to be performed relatively quickly, if not in real time, to provide feedback to the customer. The focus of this article is to present a framework that utilizes CAD, finite element analysis (FEA), and optimization to integrate the customer into the design process via the Internet for delivering user customized products. The design analysis, evaluation, and optimization need to be automated and enhanced to enable operation over the Internet. A product family CAD/FEA template has been developed to perform analysis, along with a general formulation to optimize the customized product. The CAD/FEA template generalizes the geometry building and analysis of each configuration developed using a product platform approach. The proposed setup is demonstrated through the use of a bicycle frame family. In this study, the focus is on the application of optimization and FEA to facilitate the design of customer-centric products.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Condensation in disordered lasers: theory, 3D+1 simulations and experiments

The complex processes underlying the generation of a coherent-like emission from the multiple-scattering of photons and wave-localization in the presence of structural disorder are still mostly un-explored. Here we show that a single nonlinear Schroedinger equation, playing the role of the Schawlow-Townes law for standard lasers, quantitatively reproduces experimental results and three-dimensional time-domain parallel simulations of a colloidal laser system.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

SEROMONITORING OF AVIAN INFLUENZA H9 SUBTYPE IN BREEDERS AND COMMERCIAL LAYER FLOCKS

A serological survey for detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9 in vaccinated layer flocks was carried out. Serum samples were divided into age groups A, B, C, D (commercial layers) and E, F, G, H (layer breeders). Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was performed to determine serum antibodies against AIV-H9 subtype. Geometric mean titer (GMT) values were calculated. Results showed the level of protection of vaccinated birds was satisfactory

Investment in fish seed multiplication farms in Bangladesh: Evidences of an attractive business

This study mainly evaluated the profitability of Fish Seed Multiplication Farms (FSMFs) having hatchery, nursery and hatchery-cum-nursery located in the districts of Jessore, Jhenidah and Narail in Bangladesh. The general findings of the study were that the investment in FSMFs with hatchery, nursery and hatchery-cum-nursery was highly profitable business. The results clearly indicated that the investment on hatchery was the most profitable than those of nursery and hatchery-cum-nursery operations from the viewpoints of individual investors. The results of sensitivity analysis suggested that the investment in nursery farm was a risky business with 20 per cent increase in operation and management as well was production costs or 20 per cent reduction in benefits if other things remaining the same. It was also evident from the study that the investors of FSMFs had currently been facing some crucial problems, which among others are: problems of inbreeding, shortage of brood fish, incidence of diseases, unavailability of certain inputs and lack of credit

Pre-breeding canola for heat stress tolerance – a prototype facility for large-scale screening at flowering stage

This research is developing methodology to facilitate large-scale screening of heat stress tolerance in canola at flowering stage, and will identify heat tolerant germplasm for Australian plant breeders. The new methods and heat tolerant germplasm will be transferred to canola breeders, which will accelerate the future commercial release of heat tolerant varieties. Our aim is to help Australian growers to maintain canola productivity as temperatures rise in response to climate change

Comparison of superficial surgical site infection following use of diathermyand scalpel for making skin incision in inguinal hernioplasty

The method of making surgical incision remains a complex problem. Although controversial, the use of diathermy instead of scalpel for skin incision and underlying tissue dissection is gradually gaining wide acceptance. This is due to the observation that no change in wound complication rate or postoperative pain is reportedwith the use ofDiathermy. However, the fear of excessive scarring and poorwound healing has curtailed itswidespread use for skin incision. The objective of the study is to compare superficial surgical site infection (SSSI) in diathermy and scalpel skin incision in inguinal hernioplasty. Quasi experimental study. Study was conducted at Surgical Unit II, Holy Family Hospital. Rawalpindi from1 Jan. 2008 to 30 September. 2008. Atotal of 80 patients who presented with inguinal hernias were included in the study. Patientswere divided in two groups. Group1: In 40 patients skin incisionwasmadewithDiathermy,Group 2: The other 40 had skin incisionwith scalpel. Themean age of patients in the intervention group (Group 1)was 50 years while in the control group (Group 2) itwas 46 years. 48% patients in Group 1 and 55% in the Group 2 had indirect inguinal hernias. SSSI was noted in 12.5% cases in Group 1 whereas in Group 2 it was 17.5% but this difference was not found to be statistically significant (p value=0.378). The use of diathermy for making skin incisions is as safe as scalpel and there is no significant difference amongst both regardingwound infection. Keywords: Diathermy incision, electrocautery, scalpel skin incision, superficial surgical site infectio

Earth Pipe Cooling Strategy in Buildings: A Sustainable Approach

Abundant energy supply is one of the preconditions of economic growth, however, the economic growth in turn leads to higher energy consumption to support higher living standard. The energy demand is increasing at an alarming rate throughout the world, which may lead to scarcity of energy in near future. Most of this energy is used in buildings for heating and cooling. Therefore, it is important to adopt a system to save energy in buildings without using any habitual mechanical devices. Passive air cooling is such a system assists us to save energy in passive process. Earth pipe cooling strategy is one of them, which can cool a space with minimal energy. In this strategy, air comes through a pipe inlet and passes underground via buried pipes, transfers heat to the earth (soil), gets cooler and goes to the room through pipe outlet. This paper reviews the earth pipe cooling performance in different climates by an intensive literature survey. The performance was also compared with other common passive air cooling strategies used in buildings. The findings of the study recommend an optimum passive air cooling guidelines, and passive air cooling products to the occupants of the buildings. Keywords: Cooling Performance; Passive Air Cooling; Energy Consumption

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF VITAMIN E ADJUVANTED OIL EMULSIFIED INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS EXPERIMENTAL VACCINE

The present study was conducted to prepare oil emulsified (OE) infectious bronchitis (IB) experimental vaccines. The vaccines were prepared using the vaccinal strain H-120 Infectious Bonchitis virus (IBV). The virus was cultivated in 9-day old embryonated eggs via allantoic cavity route. Allantoic-amniotic fluid (AAF) was collected and inactivated with formalin @ 0.12%. Water in oil emulsion was prepared by adding one part of AAF to four parts of mineral oil containing water phase (Tween 80) and oil phase (Span 80) surfactants. Hydrophile lypohile balance (HLB) of the emulsion was maintained at 7.0. Two oil emulsified experimental vaccines were prepared. Vaccine-I was prepared without vitamin E and Vaccine-II with vitamin E (300 mg/ml). A total of 120 day-old broiler breeder chickens were divided into 4 groups, A, B, C, and D, each having 30 birds. At the age of 21 days, experimental Vaccine-I, experimental vaccine-II and commercial IB killed (H-120) vaccine were inoculated @ 0.5 ml in the birds of groups A, B and C, respectively. Group D was maintained as nonvaccinated control. Efficacy of the vaccines was evaluated on the basis of humoral immune response (haemagglutination inhibition antibody titres) against IB in the four groups. The seven weeks cumulative mean antibody titres (CMT) of each group were calculated. The highest CMT was observed in group B (130), followed by group C (69), group A (58) and group D (17). Statistical analysis showed that haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres in group B (vaccine- II) were significantly higher than those of groups A, B and C (P< 0.05)