Code Switching and Social Prestige: Code Switching among Iranian University Learners

“Two or more phonemic systems may coexist in the speech of a monolingual.” This was what initially called “switching code” by Fries and Pike (1949). People change codes or use words other than their native ones while speaking in their native language. Codes are thus defined as a verbal component that can be as small as a morpheme or as comprehensive and complex as the entire system of language. (Ayemoni, 2006) code-switching is related to and indicative of group membership in particular types of bilingual speech communities, such that the regularities of the alternating use of two or more languages within one conversation may vary to a considerable degree between speech communities. (Auer, 1991) As basically defined, the result of bilingualism, code switching has been studied widely by psychologists, anthropologists and linguists in order to reveal other possible causes of the phenomenon. Different issues have been discovered and called the results of code switching by professionals in each field (See Nelip, 2006 for a review)

Evolving Stark Effect During Growth of Perovskite Nanocrystals Measured Using Transient Absorption

8 pagesMethylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) nanocrystals (NCs) are emerging materials for a range of optoelectronic applications. Photophysical characterization is typically limited to structurally stable NCs owing to the long timescales required for many spectroscopies, preventing the accurate measurement of NCs during growth. This is a particular challenge for non-linear spectroscopies such as transient absorption. Here we report on the use of a novel single-shot transient absorption (SSTA) spectrometer to study MAPbI3 NCs as they grow. Comparing the transient spectra to derivatives of the linear absorbance reveals that photogenerated charge carriers become localized at surface trap states during NC growth, inducing a TA lineshape characteristic of the Stark effect. Observation of this Stark signal shows that the contribution of trapped carriers to the TA signal declines as growth continues, supporting a growth mechanism with increased surface ligation toward the end of NC growth. This work opens the door to the application of time-resolved spectroscopies to NCs in situ, during their synthesis, to provide greater insight into their growth mechanisms and the evolution of their photophysical properties.This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant CHE- 1752129. MC acknowledges financial support from ARCS Oregon Chapter

Online medical crowdfunding in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis of gendered cancer campaign outcomes

This cross-sectional analysis examined online US crowdfunding campaigns from 2010–2018. Campaigns including prostate, breast, bladder, kidney, cervical, uterine, ovarian, testicular, oral, and thyroid cancers were included. Multivariable modeling was utilized to examine predictive factors for successful campaigns. A total of 1830 online cancer campaigns were included in the final analysis. Breast cancer was estimated to be the most frequent online campaign type (n = 3682), followed by cervical (n = 492), kidney (n = 475), ovarian (n = 460), and prostate cancers (n = 382). Breast cancer campaigns generated the most total funding ($15.3 million). In adjusted models, breast cancers generated significantly more donations per campaign than any other cancer. There was no difference in the average amount of funds raised per campaign by most cancer types, except for thyroid (19.4% less than breast, p < 0.001). Friend-authored campaigns generated more funding than self- and family-authored. Male cancers are under-represented, and breast cancer campaigns are disproportionately over-represented in online medical crowdfunding and generate more donations than many other cancers. Gendered differences in cancer crowdfunding are likely multifactorial and may be influenced by social networks and public health campaigns