Gambaran Umum Perawatan Ulcus Diabeticum Pada Pasien Rawat Inap Di Rumah Sakit Immanuel Bandung Periode Juli 2007-Agustus 2008

The treatment of diabetic ulcer will determine its outcome. The purpose of this study is to describe the general treatment of diabetic ulcer in Immanuel Hospital Bandung, in July 2007--August 2008. The data of this descriptive-retrospective study were collected from the medical records of the hospitalized patients during that period. There were 41 patients: 37% male, 63% female, 46% > 60 years old, 39% 45-60, and 15% 15-45 years old. Conventional dressing was applied to 63% patients, while the 37% were given advanced dressing. Necrotomy-debridement procedure was used to treat 83% patients. Whereas IV nutrition supplementation was given to 7% patients, subcutaneous insulin was given to the patients in 46% cases. The patients hospitalized less than three days were 12% (40% dead case, 40% amputated, 20% discharged without improvement). The patients hospitalized for 3-4 days were 49% (65% with improvement, 10% without improvement, 15% amputated, 10% dead case), The patients hospitalized > 7 days were 39% (52.94% with improvement, 5.88% without improvement, 35.29% amputated, and no dead case). Cases treated with advanced dressing, necrotomy debridement procedure, IV nutrition supplementation and without subcutaneous insulin showed a better outcome; those showing improvement respectively were 86.67%, 55.88%, 54.54%, 63.63%, and those showing shorter hospitalization period respectively  were 80%, 47.05%, 63.63%, 54.54%

The real cost of poor housing

The relationship between poor housing and poor health has been recognised for a long time, but until recently it has not been possible to estimate the cost to society of poor housing. Although the problems of disease associated with slum living have largely been eradicated in England, a significant number of health and safety hazards in the home remain. �Poor housing� is defined as housing which fails to meet the statutory minimum standard for housing in England, as assessed by the Housing Health and Safety Rating System. This report highlights weaknesses in existing models of the housing stock and proposes a new model which overcomes them. The model uses data from the English House Condition Survey to illustrate the effects of various scenarios and repair options. It allows all the hazards measured in the Survey to be compared, and identifies repair solutions which provide direct benefit to the NHS through reduced injury rates and treatment costs. This model allows the total health cost of poor housing in England to be estimated as over £600 million per year. The total cost to society each year may be greater than £1.5 billion

Quantifying the Cost of Poor Housing

This Information Paper summarises the results of a research project commissioned by BRE Trust to develop a method of quantifying the cost of poor housing, and the cost-benefit of interventions to improve such housing. The full technical report was published as ’The real cost of poor housing’ and since its publication, the results have been used to evaluate the cost-benefit of real housing interventions by local authorities. This Paper provides feedback on some of the early practical uses of the research and, in particular, how it has been used to quantify the health benefits of energy efficiency measures that improve homes beyond the average for their age and type. The original research suggested that undertaking basic improvements to reduce the hazards in poor housing to an acceptable level could save the National Health Service some £600 million a year. Subsequent BRE Trust sponsored research reported here suggests that this saving could be doubled if more comprehensive improvements to the heating and insulation of cold homes are undertaken

Lowry ruin in southwestern Colorado /

v.23:no.1 (1936

Housing in Europe : the consequences of poor accommodation

This report aims to improve understanding of the true cost of inadequate housing to EU Member States and to suggest policy initiatives that might help address its social and financial consequences. The full impact of poor housing tends to be evident only in the longer term, and the savings to publicly funded services, the economy and society that investment in good quality accommodation can deliver are not always obvious. While housing policies are the prerogative of national governments, many Member States face similar challenges in this field. In some, projects to improve inadequate housing have already provided valuable practical experience that can usefully be shared, and this report presents eight such case studies. While improving poor living conditions would be costly, the report suggests the outlay could be recouped quite quickly from savings on healthcare and a range of publicly funded services – in the EU as a whole, for every €3 invested in improving housing conditions, €2 would come back in savings in one year. An executive summary is available - see Related content

A Novel Method to Incorporate Bioactive Cytokines as Adjuvants on the Surface of Virus Particles

Cytokines have been used extensively as adjuvants in vaccines. However, practical considerations limit their use; diffusion from antigen, short half-lives and additional production costs. To address these problems we have developed a technology that efficiently produces inactivated, whole-virus influenza vaccine bearing membrane-bound cytokines. To provide “proof of principle,” we chose chicken interleukin-2 (IL-2) and chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Fusion constructs were generated in which their coding regions were linked to the influenza virus transmembrane encoding domains of the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin genes, respectively. These fusion constructs were used to establish stable Madin–Darby Canine Kidney cell lines, constitutively expressing membrane-bound cytokine. Cell surface expression was verified by immunofluorescence and cytokine-specific bioassays. Influenza virus harvested from infected cytokine-bearing cells was purified, inactivated, and confirmed to include membrane-bound cytokine by immunofluorescence, Western blotting and bioassay. Cytokine bioactivity was preserved using several standard virus inactivation protocols. Both cytokine-bearing influenza vaccines are now being tested for immunogenicity in vivo. Initial experiments indicate that chickens injected with IL-2-bearing influenza have elevated antiviral antibody levels, compared to chickens given conventional vaccine. In conclusion, this technology offers a novel method to utilize cytokines and other immunostimulatory molecules as adjuvants for viral vaccines